Volume 15, Issue 4 (Winter 2021)                   Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing 2021, 15(4): 524-533 | Back to browse issues page


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Alimoradzadeh R, Abbasi M A, Zabihi F, Mirmiranpour H. Effect of Anesthetics on Oxidant and Antioxidant Parameters After Inguinal Hernia Surgery in Older Patients. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing 2021; 15 (4) :524-533
URL: http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2053-en.html
1- Clinical Research Development Unit, Firoozabadi Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
2- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical of Sciences, Tehran, Iran. , h_mirmiranpoor@yahoo.com
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1. Introduction

Oxidant and antioxidant levels have a fundamental relationship with the elderly’s immune system and their degree of exposure to anesthetics in surgery is important [3]. Isoflurane, by affecting hydrogen peroxide (as an oxidant), changes its amount in serum [4]. This anesthetic can also affect antioxidant properties and increase DNA damage [5]. Lidocaine is used as an anesthetic for spinal anesthesia [6]. Spinal anesthesia with lidocaine further modulates oxidative stress and the amount of antioxidants to the normal range compared to general anesthesia [7]. Study of changes in oxidant and antioxidant parameters after anesthesia with isoflurane and spinal anesthesia with lidocaine, helps to choose a safer method for the elderly with underlying diseases [1, 2].

2. Methods & Materials
This double-blinded clinical trial study (ethics code: IR.IUMS.FMD.REC.1397.304) was performed on older patients aged 60-70 years who were not using oxidant or antioxidant drugs and  had no acute cardiovascular disease, acute renal failure, liver cirrhosis, malignancy and infection. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of 35. In one group, anesthesia with isoflurane and in the other group, spinal anesthesia with lidocaine was used. Sample collection was done in two stages; one day before and one day after inguinal hernia surgery. Samples obtained at baseline were considered as control group and those obtained after surgery were considered as case group. AGEs, Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPP), Malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized LDL, Ferric-Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP), glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase were measured as immune system indices by standard methods before and after anesthesia. Enzymatic colorimetric method was used to measure the antioxidant activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase and the oxidant activity of MDA. The oxidized LDL was measured by ELISA technique. Determination of AOPP was performed using a spectrophotometric method described by Kalousová et al. [??].In measuring the antioxidant capacity of plasma or FRAP, 750 μl of reagent was added to 25 μl of plasma in the test tubes and their absorbance at 593 nm was read using a spectrophotometer. For statistical analysis, SPSS software V. 20 was used and quantitative data were described using mean and standard deviation.

3. Results
In the present study, 70 older patients (34 males) with a history of inguinal hernia surgery, were studied. Their mean age in the two groups (69.94±5.15 vs. 70.23±4.98 years; P = 0.81), and their other demographic characteristics were not significantly different from each other. The mean systolic pressure (124.29±9.16 vs. 123.7±9.10 mm Hg; P= 0.79) and diastolic pressure (72.29±6.89 vs. 72.29±7.31 mmHg; P= 0.99) measured before the surgery was not significantly different between the two groups. After surgery, although the measured systolic pressure in the spinal anesthesia group was higher than in the general anesthesia group, but this difference was not significant (127.43±8.52 vs. 126.29±8.43 mmHg; P = 0.58). The same results was reported for their diastolic pressure after surgery (76±5.53 vs. 75.71±6.08 mmHg; P= 0.83). 
In statistical analysis of oxidative and antioxidant indices, results showed a significant difference between pre- and postoperative status in AOPP, MDA, oxidized LDL, FRAP, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in the group received general anesthesia with isoflurane. In the spinal anesthesia group, there was a significant difference between pre- and postoperative status in MDA, oxidized LDL, catalase, and superoxide dismutase.

4. Conclusion
The pre- and postoperative levels of AOPP, MDA, oxidized LDL, FRAP, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase was significantly different in the patients with inguinal hernia surgery received general anesthesia with isoflurane. In the patients received spinal anesthesia with lidocaine, the difference was significant only in MDA, oxidized LDL, catalase, and superoxide dismutase levels. Considering the observed effects of anesthetics on oxidative and antioxidant indices in elderly patients, especially in those receiving anesthesia with isoflurane, these results should be considered in the selection of anesthesia methods and gases for the elderly undergoing inguinal hernia surgery. It is recommended to conduct further studies on the elderly patients using a larger sample size so that the results can be generalized with more confidence.

Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines

This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.IUMS.FMD.REC.1397.304). All ethical principles are considered in this article. The participants were informed about the purpose of the research and its implementation stages. They were also assured about the confidentiality of their information and were free to leave the study whenever they wished, and if desired, the research results would be available to them.

Funding
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors. 

Authors' contributions
Conceptualization, research: Hossein Mirmiranpour and Raheleh Alimoradzadeh; Editing and final approval: All authors.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
 References
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  2. Peacock JE, Lewis RP, Reilly CS, Nimmo WS. Effect of different rates of infusion of propofol for induction of anaesthesia in elderly patients. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1990; 65(3):346-52. [DOI:10.1093/bja/65.3.346] [PMID]
  3. Niedermeyer E, Silva FHLd. Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. https://books.google.com/books/about/Electroencephalography.html?id=tndqYGPHQdEC
  4. Pharmacists. TASoH-S. Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Antiarrhythmic). The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2015.
  5. Ceylan BG, Nazıroğlu M, Uğuz AC, Barak C, Erdem B, Yavuz L. Effects of vitamin C and E combination on element and oxidative stress levels in the blood of operative patients under desflurane anesthesia. Biological Trace Element Research. 2011; 141(1-3): 16-25. [DOI:10.1007/s12011-010-8712-3] [PMID]
  6. Wilson WC, Swetland JF, Benumof JL, Laborde P, Taylor R. General anesthesia and exhaled breath hydrogen peroxide. Anesthesiology. 1992; 76(5):703-10. [DOI:10.1097/00000542-199205000-00007] [PMID]
  7. Ceylan BG, Yilmaz F, Eroglu F, Yavuz L, Gulmen S, Vural H. Oxidant and antioxidant activities of different anesthetic techniques. Saudi Medical Journal. 2009; 30(3):371-6. [PMID]
  8. Eroglu F, Yavuz L, Ceylan BG, Yılmaz F, Eroglu E, Delibas N, et al. New volatile anesthetic, desflurane, reduces vitamin E level in blood of operative patients via oxidative stress. Cell Biochemistry and Function. 2010; 28(3):211-6. [DOI:10.1002/cbf.1641] [PMID]
  9. Kulacoglu H, Ozdogan M, Gurer A, Ersoy E, Onder AD, Duygulu SD, et al. Prospective comparison of local, spinal, and general types of anaesthesia regarding oxidative stress following Lichtenstein hernia repair. Bratislavske Lekarske Listy. 2007; 108(8):335-9. [PMID]
  10. Sivaci R, Kahraman A, Serteser M, Sahin DA, Dilek ON. Cytotoxic effects of volatile anesthetics with free radicals undergoing laparoscopic surgery. Clinical Biochemistry. 2006; 39(3):293-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.01.001] [PMID]
  11. Mohaghegh T, Yazdi B, Norouzi A, Fateh Sh, Modir H, Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi A. Effect of intravenous anesthesia with propofol versus isoflurane inhalation anesthesia in postoperative pain of inguinal herniotomy: a randomized clinical trial. Medical Gas Research. 2017; 7(2):86-92. [DOI:10.4103/2045-9912.208511] [PMID] [PMCID]
  12. Sayed S, Idriss NK, Sayyedf HG, Ashry AA, Rafatt DM, Mohamed AO, et al. Effects of propofol and isoflurane on haemodynamics and the inflammatory response in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. British Journal of Biomedical Science. 2015; 72(3):93-101. [DOI:10.1080/09674845.2015.11666803] [PMID]
 
Type of Study: Research | Subject: Geriatric
Received: 2020/07/05 | Accepted: 2020/10/19 | Published: 2021/01/01

References
1. [1] Steven L. Shafer, The Pharmacology of anesthetic drugs in elderly patients, Anesthesiology Clinics of North America, 2000 (18), 1, 1-29 [DOI:10.1016/S0889-8537(05)70146-2]
2. [2] J.E. PEACOCK, R.P. LEWIS, C.S. REILLY, W.S. NIMMO, Effect of different rates of infusion of Propofol for induction of anesthesia in elderly patients, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 1990, (65), 3, 346-352, [DOI:10.1093/bja/65.3.346] [PMID]
3. [3] Niedermeyer E, Silva F. Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
4. [4] Pharmacists. TASoH-S. Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Antiarrhythmic). The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2015.
5. [5] Ceylan BG, Nazıroğlu M, Uğuz AC, Barak C, Erdem B, Yavuz L. Effects of vitamin C and E combination on element and oxidative stress levels in the blood of operative patients under desflurane anesthesia. Biological Trace Element Research 2011; 141 (1-3): 16-25. [DOI:10.1007/s12011-010-8712-3] [PMID]
6. [6] Wilson WC, Swetland JF, Benumof JL, Laborde P, Taylor R. General anesthesia and exhaled breath hydrogen peroxide. Anesthesiology 1992; 76 (5):703-10. [DOI:10.1097/00000542-199205000-00007] [PMID]
7. [7] Ceylan BG, Yilmaz F, Eroglu F, Yavuz L, Gulmen S, Vural H. Oxidant and antioxidant activities of different anesthetic techniques. Saudi Medical Journal 2009; 30 (3):371-6.
8. [8] Eroglu F, Yavuz L, Ceylan BG, Yılmaz F, Eroglu E, Delibas N, et al. New volatile anesthetic, desflurane, reduces vitamin E level in blood of operative patients via oxidative stress. Cell Biochemistry and Function 2010; 28 (3):211-216. [DOI:10.1002/cbf.1641] [PMID]
9. [9] Kulacoglu H, Ozdogan M, Gurer A, Ersoy E, Onder AD, Duygulu SD, et al. Prospective comparison of local, spinal, and general types of anaesthesia regarding oxidative stress following Lichtenstein hernia repair. Bratislavske Lekarske Listy 2007; 108 (8):335-339.
10. [10] Sivaci R, Kahraman A, Serteser M, Sahin DA, Dilek ON. Cytotoxic effects of volatile anesthetics with free radicals undergoing laparoscopic surgery. Clinical Biochemistry 2006; 39 (3):293-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.01.001] [PMID]
11. [11] Mohaghegh T, Yazdi B, Norouzi A, Fateh Sh, Modir H, Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi A. Effect of intravenous anesthesia with propofol versus isoflurane inhalation anesthesia in postoperative pain of inguinal herniotomy: a randomized clinical trial. Medical Gas Research 2017; 7 (2):86-92. [DOI:10.4103/2045-9912.208511] [PMID] [PMCID]
12. [12] Sayed S, Idriss NK, Sayyedf HG, Ashry AA, Rafatt DM, Mohamed AO, Blann AD. Effects of propofol and isoflurane on haemodynamics and the inflammatory response in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. British Journal of Biomedical Science 2015; 72 (3):93-101. [DOI:10.1080/09674845.2015.11666803] [PMID]

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