per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Iranian Journal of Ageing
1735-806X
1735-806X
2020-10
15
3
258
277
article
Barriers and Facilitators of the Outpatient Health Service Use by the Elderly
Neda Soleimanvandi Azar
nedasoleiman@yahoo.com
1
Seyed Hossein Mohaqeqi Kamal
hosseinmohaqeq@gmail.com
2
Homeira Sajadi
safaneh_s@yahoo.com
3
Gholam Reza Ghaedamini Harouni
qaedamini@gmail.com
4
Salaheddin Karimi
salahkarimi2009@gmail.com
5
Ameneh Setareh Foroozan
as_forouzan_2000@yahoo.com
6
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Social Welfare Management Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Social Welfare Management Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Social Welfare Management Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Objectives: Increasing care needs for the elderly are an important concern for different countries, especially those with an aging population. It is important for health policy making to have knowledge of the factors affecting the use of health services in the elderly to identify the potential problems and develop appropriate interventions for improving utilization and increasing access to health services. This study aims to investigate the barriers and facilitators of the outpatient health service use in the elderly
Methods & Materials: In this systematic review, studies in English published from 1996 to 2019 were searched in Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases using PRISMA guidelines and related keywords. After eliminating duplicate and irrelevant articles, the quality of remaining articles was evaluated by two evaluators independently, based on STROBE checklist. Narrative synthesis method was used to combine the data
Results: Forty-four eligible studies were included for the review. The determinants of the health service use were divided into three categories of predisposing factors (e.g. age, gender, marital status, ethnicity), enabling factors (e.g. income, insurance coverage, education level, employment status, social network, social support), and need factors (e.g. having chronic disease, self-assessed health status, severity of disease, number of diseases, comorbid diseases, physical disability, unhealthy lifestyle). Findings showed that age >80 years, ethnic minority, being unemployed and retired, low educational level, small and limited social network, and physical disability were the barriers to using outpatient health services, while being female, married, having insurance, social support, having a companion during a disease, having children, high income level, and shorter distance to the health care centers were the facilitators of using outpatient health services in the elderly
Conclusion: A group of factors are associated with the outpatient health service use by the elderly. These factors include predisposing, enabling, and need-related factors according to Andersen’s behavioral model of health service use. Interventions to increase the use of health services by the elderly should be based on these factors, and should be taken into account by the policymakers to reduce the burden of health services caused by diseases.
http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1979-en.pdf
Older adults
Health service use
Outpatient
Systematic reviews
Andersen’s Behavioral Model of Health Service Use
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Iranian Journal of Ageing
1735-806X
1735-806X
2020-10
15
3
278
285
article
Introducing a Formula for Obtaining the Total Deviation Index in Aging Studies
Andisheh Bakhshi
Andisheh.bakhshi@uws.ac.uk
1
Enayatollah Bakhshi
bakhshi@razi.tums.ac.ir
2
School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, Paisley Campus, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow.
Department of Biostatistics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Objectives: Since the study on the elderly people and recording related data requires more accuracy, the calculation of measurement error is very important. This study aims to introduce a simple formula to obtain and interpret the Total Deviation Index (TDI) and encourage researchers to use it as a suitable tool to determine the reliability in psychometrics studies.
Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study conducted in 2019, participants were 105 older adults living in Tehran, Iran. The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire was completed by them within two weeks. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and TDI values were calculated and compared for each subscale of the SF-36.
Results: The lowest TDI value belonged to the “physical functioning” subscale, while the “emotional problems” subscale had the highest TDI value. At a 95% confidence interval, the maximum measurement errors in physical functioning and emotional problems were reported 22 and 34 (out of 100), respectively.
Conclusion: Since the ICC cannot determine how much of the difference in the subscale scores is related to the measurement error, and given the simple interpretation of the TDI, it is recommended that researchers use the proposed formula and obtain the TDI value for the reliability in psychometrics studies.
http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1881-en.pdf
Intraclass correlation coefficient
Total deviation index
Quality of life
Elderly
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Iranian Journal of Ageing
1735-806X
1735-806X
2020-10
15
3
286
297
article
Capabilities and Requirements of the Elderly Remote Health Monitoring
Ahmad Reza Shamsabadi
shamsabadi1010@gmail.com
1
Ahmad Delbari
es.mehraeen@yahoo.com
2
Ameneh Safari
amaneh.s@gmail.com
3
Fatemeh Bahador
bahadorfatememeh@gmail.com
4
Esmaeil Mehraeen
es.mehraeen@gmail.com
5
Department of Health Information Technology, Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Sciences, Esfarayen, Iran.
Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Health Information Technology, Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Sciences, Esfarayen, Iran.
Department of Health Information Technology, School of Ferdows Paramedical, Birjand University of Medical Science, Birjand, Iran.
Department of Health Information Technology, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran.
Objectives: Telehealth management systems for elderly people should have the features, capabilities, and infrastructure that meet home care management's diverse needs. Since there is no valid and reliable questionnaire to determine these requirements, this study's primary purpose was to determine a telehealth monitoring system's requirements for the elderly and present it as a valid and reliable questionnaire.
Methods & Materials: This study was descriptive-analytical and performed in 2019. The items for the Questionnaire were obtained from a systematic review study. To review, the selected keywords such as elderly, home care, telecare, telehealth, and information technology from 2013 to October 2019 were searched on selected databases.
Results: Based on the study's findings, the parameters, and requirements of a telehealth monitoring system for the elderly were identified in 97 items. Furthermore, the first 31 items of the questionnaire were removed due to low validity and reliability. In the next phase, the final questionnaire with 66 items, content validity ratio of 99%, Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.9) and desirable correlation coefficient (r=0.85, p<0.05) were designed.
Conclusion: In this study, the requirements of a telehealth monitoring system for the elderly were determined, and a valid and reliable questionnaire was developed using these requirements. The questionnaire was designed in five parts: applications, functional requirements, non-functional requirements, tools, and communication infrastructure. Health care system designers may use the study results to determine the applications and requirements of elderly health monitoring systems.
http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1923-en.pdf
System
Remote health monitoring
Home care
Elderly
Validation
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Iranian Journal of Ageing
1735-806X
1735-806X
2020-10
15
3
298
311
article
Psychometric Properties of Persian Version of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) Among Iranian Elderly
Hashem Shemshadi
shemshadii@gmail.com
1
Amir Shams
amirshams85@gmail.com
2
Robab Sahaf
robabsahaf@gmail.com
3
Parvaneh Shamsipour Dehkordi
p.shamsipour@alzahra.ac.ir
4
Hossain Zareian
zareian.h@gmail.com
5
Ali Reza Moslem
alirezamoslem@gmail.com
6
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Reconstructive Surgery, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Motor Behavior, Sport Science Research Institute (SSRI), Iran.
Department of Aging, Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Sport Management, Sport Science Research Institute (SSRI), Iran.
Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
Objectives: This research aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) among older Iranian people.
Methods & Materials: The research method was non-experimental research that its necessary information was collected with the cross-sectional method. The statistical population comprised all older people over 60 years of age in Tehran City, Iran. The statistical sample included 1035 people who have completed the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). This questionnaire consists of 69 questions and 9 components. The obtained data were analyzed with confirmatory factorial analysis based on structural equations, Cronbach alpha coefficient, and intra-class correlation coefficient tests.
Results: The content, face, and concurrent validity were acceptable (P<0.05). Also, result showed that the MBSRQ has acceptable fit indexes (such as RMSEA=0.042, CFI=0.903, TLI=0.978, PNFI=0.075, and PGFI=0.886). Further, the internal consistency and temporal reliability were acceptable (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The Persian version of MBSRQ has acceptable reliability and validity in the Iranian elderly, and researchers, older adults, and elderly specialists can use this questionnaire for its evaluations and research.
http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1621-en.pdf
Elderly
MBSRQ
Validity
Reliability
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Iranian Journal of Ageing
1735-806X
1735-806X
2020-10
15
3
312
323
article
The Effect of Unilateral and Bilateral Electrical Stimulation of the Brain on Improving the Balance of the Elderly
Masoumeh Shouhani
shohani-m@medilam.ac.ir
1
Mohsen Jalilian
sjad00619@gmail.com
2
Sajad Parsaei
sajaparsaei93@gmail.com
3
Farhad Modara
farhadmodara@yahoo.com
4
Hossein Seidkhani
9160207ss@gmail.com
5
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Department of Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Ahwaz, Iran.
Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Department of Biostatics, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of unilateral and bilateral electrical stimulation of the brain on balance in the elderly.
Methods & Materials: Thirty-six elderly in Ilam City, Iran, participated in the study. In the pretest, the static balance was taken, and then the participants were randomly divided into three groups: unilateral brain stimulation, bilateral brain stimulation, and sham. The intervention took in 3 sessions. In the unilateral stimulation group, the anode electrode was positioned at the O point, and the cathode was above the left ophthalmic cavity (FP1). In the bilateral stimulation group, the anode electrode was positioned at O1, and the cathode was positioned at O2. The intensity of stimulation was 2 mA, and the duration of treatment was 15 minutes per session. In the control group, the anode and cathode electrodes were placed on the O and FP1 points, respectively, but the excitation current was stopped after 30 seconds. After the last training session, the posttest was performed. The obtained data were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA.
Results: The Results showed no statistically significant difference between the three groups in the pretest phase (P<0.535). But at posttest, there was a difference between groups (P<0.002). Post-hoc test Results showed a difference between unilateral stimulation with the control group (P=0.001) and bilateral stimulation with the control group (P=0.005). But there was no significant difference between the unilateral stimulation group and the bilateral stimulation group (P=0.599).
Conclusion: Unilaterally and bilaterally, cerebellar stimulation can be improved in the elderly.
http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1995-en.pdf
Transcranial direct current stimulation
Cerebellum
Balance
Elderly
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Iranian Journal of Ageing
1735-806X
1735-806X
2020-10
15
3
324
337
article
The Effectiveness of Health Literacy Based Educational Intervention on Nutritional Outcomes of Elderly
Amin Mirzaei
mirzaei.amin62@gmail.com
1
Ali Ramezankhani
ali.ramezan45@gmail.com
2
Parisa Taheri Tanjani
tanjanifs65@yahoo.com
3
Mohtasham Ghaffari
ohtashamGhaffari54@yahoo.com
4
Reza Jorvand
reza.j@yahoo.com
5
Mohammad Bazyar
Mohamad.bazyar@gmail.com
6
Khalil Momeni
khalilmomeni1365@gmail.com
7
Zahra Heidarianzadeh
mirzaei.amin62@gmail.com
8
Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Department of Public Health, School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Public Health, School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Objectives: Health literacy is one of the most important social determinants of elderly health. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the educational intervention on knowledge, attitude, and nutritional behaviors of the elderly with adequate health literacy and inadequate health literacy.
Methods & Materials: An experimental study was conducted with 192 people 60 years and older in Ilam Province, Iran, from May to September 2016. The elderly were assigned into four groups (48 subjects in each group), including two intervention groups with adequate and inadequate health literacy and two control groups with sufficient and insufficient health literacy. The elderly nutrition education program consisted of four lecture sessions with questions and answers, along with an elderly nutrition manual for the intervention group. The level of health literacy among the elderly was assessed using functional health literacy in adults. The level of knowledge, attitude, and nutritional behaviors was assessed using a researcher-made questionnaire in two stages before and two months after the educational intervention. The SPSS V. 21 was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics and the Chi-square, paired t test, and Fisher exact test were used for data analysis.
Results: The Mean±SD age of the men was 61.24±2.38 years, and the mean±SD age of women was 61.35±2.45 years. The majority of men with adequate health literacy were men (84.37%), while the proportion of men and women in those with inadequate health literacy was almost the same. All participants with adequate health literacy and 89.58% of those with inadequate health literacy were married. After the educational intervention, the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and behavior in the intervention group with adequate health literacy increased significantly (P≤0.013, P≤0.015, and P<0.001, respectively). In the intervention group with inadequate health literacy, only the knowledge mean score after the intervention showed a significant increase (P≤0.035). However, there was no significant change in the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and behavior in both control groups (P>0.05).
Conclusion: According to the study Results, the effectiveness of the educational intervention in relation to nutrition of the elderly is significantly influenced by the level of health literacy.
http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1716-en.pdf
Health literacy
Elderly
Knowledge
Attitude
Nutritional behavior
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Iranian Journal of Ageing
1735-806X
1735-806X
2020-10
15
3
338
349
article
Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the 6-item De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale in Iranian Community-dwelling Older Persons
Reza Hosseinabadi
reza_hosseinabadi@yahoo.com
1
Mahshid Foroughan
m_foroughan@yahoo.com
2
Gholam Reza Ghaed Amini Harouni
qaedamini@gmail.com
3
Razieh Zeidali Beiranvand
Zeidali12@yahoo.com
4
Yadollah Pournia
ypournia@yahoo.com
5
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
Department of Geriatrics, Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Departmnt of Social Welfare, Social Welfare Management Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Shahid Rahimi Hospital, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
Department of English Language, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
Objectives: Loneliness is a significant concern among the elderly and requires measurement and intervention. This study was conducted to translate and make a psychometric evaluation of the 6-item de Jong Gierveld loneliness scale in Iranian older people.
Methods & Materials: This is a descriptive study carried out in 2018. After receiving permission from the tool designer, the original version of the 6-item de Jong Gierveld loneliness scale was translated into Persian by the translation and translation-back method. Then its face and content validities were determined. The final Persian version was completed by 224 eligible elderly residents in Khorramabad City, Iran. The data were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the Pearson correlation coefficient, the Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC), and the Cronbach alpha. The SPSS and AMOS were used, and the significance was determined at the level of P≤ 0.05.
Results: The Persian version of the 6-item de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale had an acceptable content validity (CVI=0.874). Confirmative factor analysis indicated the extraction of two factors: emotional loneliness and social loneliness (CMIN/DF=1.48, GFI=0.983, IFI=0.983, RMSEA=0.004). The overall loneliness score showed a significant correlation with the hospital anxiety and depression scale. The reliability of the scale was accepted by the intra-class correlation coefficient and the Cronbach alpha coefficient.
Conclusion: The Persian version of the 6-item de Jong Gierveld loneliness scale is a reliable and valid measure of loneliness in Iranian elders.
http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1706-en.pdf
Loneliness
Loneliness
Older adults
Mental health
Iran
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Iranian Journal of Ageing
1735-806X
1735-806X
2020-10
15
3
350
365
article
Relationship of Perceived Social Support With the Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults Living in Rural Communities in Iran
Fatemeh Jokar
jokarfateme142@yahoo.com
1
Abdol Rahim Asadollahi
a_asadollahi@sums.ac.ir
2
Mohammad Hossein Kaveh
kaveh@sums.ac.ir
3
Leila Ghahramani
ghahramanl@sums.ac.ir
4
Mahin Nazari
manazari@sums.ac.ir
5
Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Objectives: The increasing trend in aging population raises the need to pay attention to the daily activities of the elderly and their social support as an effective factor in promoting their health. This study aims to investigate the correlation of perceived social support and demographic variables with the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) in older adults living in rural communities in Iran.
Methods & Materials: This is a descriptive-analytical study with cross-sectional design conducted on 430 elderly people aged ≥60 years living in a rural community in Iran (Bayza county located 45 km away from Shiraz city) who were selected using a convenience sampling method. Procidano & Heller’s Perceived Social Support - Family Scale (PSS-Fa) and the ADL scale for the elderly were used for data collection. The ADL questionnaire’s internal consistency by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was obtained 0.96. The PSS-Fa with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient ranging from 0.88 to 0.91 has acceptable internal consistency. The reliability of its Persian version using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was obtained 87%. Data were analyzed in SPSS V. 25 software using multivariate ANOVA and regression analysis.
Results: The mean±SD age of the participants was 69.67±7.067 years. The mean score of PSS-Fa and the ADL scale was reported 16.55± 5.16 and 55.10±3.07, respectively. Perceived social support, education and age had significant effect correlation with the ability to perform ADL in the elderly (P<0.001), while marital status and gender showed no significant correlation (P>0.05). The age factor was inversely correlated with the ability to perform ADL; hence, the independence of older adults decreases with the increase of age.
Conclusion: Many demographic variables and social support affect the ability to perform ADL in the elderly. Social support can be used as a social investment to improve the quality of life of the elderly. Therefore, considering that one of the duties of health care providers is to improve the health status of the elderly, it is necessary for health care providers to increase social support and maintain and promote a healthy and active life for them through educational programs and periodic physical examinations.
http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1927-en.pdf
Old people
Rural older adults
Social support
Activities of daily living
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Iranian Journal of Ageing
1735-806X
1735-806X
2020-10
15
3
366
379
article
Leisure Spending Patterns and their Relationship with Mental Health in the Elderly in Iran
Seyedeh Mahboobeh Hosseinizare
hosseinizare@yahoo.com
1
Maryam Tajvar
tajvar@sina.tums.ac.ir
2
Kianoosh Abdi
k55abdi@yahoo.com
3
Parvaneh Esfahani
p.isfehani@gmail.com
4
Babak Geravand
geravand@gmail.com
5
Abolghasem Pourreza
abolghasemp@yahoo.com
6
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Rehabilitation Management, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Health care Services Management, School of Public Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.
Department of Health Care Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Objectives: Older adults need vitality to survive. Entertainment and activity for the elderly creates a lively life, boost their self-esteem, and saves them from being inactive and unproductive, which will ultimately improve their mental health. This study aims was to determine the relationship between leisure spending patterns and mental health in the elderly
Methods & Materials: This descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 413 elderly people aged ≥60 years, who were selected using a cluster random sampling method from four districts of Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using the standard General Health Questionnaire, and a researcher-made Leisure Spending Scale. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS V. 21 software using descriptive statistics (frequency, standard deviation) and statistical tests including Spearman correlation test and regression analysis.
Results: The most frequent leisure activity was TV watching. There was a significant relationship between recreational and religious activities of elderly and their mental health (P<0.0001). Among the confounding factors, physical health had the most impact.
Conclusion: Given the significant relationship of recreational and religious activities with the mental health of the elderly, planners should take the role of mosques, ḥosayniyas, and leisure facility providers such as municipalities, seriously. On the other hand, considering the impact of physical health on the relationship of leisure spending with mental health, it is necessary to provide opportunities to the elderly to participate in sports and recreational activities.
http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1819-en.pdf
Mental health
Leisure activities
Aged
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Iranian Journal of Ageing
1735-806X
1735-806X
2020-10
15
3
380
395
article
Designing a Happiness Questionnaire for the Elderly in Iran and Determining Its Psychometric Properties
Mahboubeh Heravi
mah.heravi@yahoo.com
1
Mohammad Hatami
hatami@khu.ac.ir
2
Hassan Ahadi
drhahadi5@gmail.com
3
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish Island, Iran.
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to design a questionnaire for assessing happiness in the elderly based on Iranian culture and then determine its psychometric properties.
Methods & Materials: This is a methodological study conducted from May 2018 to June 2019. It was conducted through four phases recommended by Schneider et al. (2004). In the first phase, content analysis was carried out to explore the meaning of happiness in the elderly. In the second phase, the components of happiness were extracted by reviewing related papers, measurement tools, and interviewing the participants. An initial draft was prepared by using the results of the first and second phases and according to the opinions of experts. In the third phase, the validity (face, content, and construct) was measured. In the final phase, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were measured by participation of 304 older adults who were selected randomly.
Results: The initial draft had 77 items, reduced to 39 items after measuring its face and content validity. The result of exploratory factor analysis reported 5 acceptable factors including human rights, enjoyable life, good mood, health, and spirituality. These factors explained about 70.49% of the total variance. The results of known-groups comparisons showed that this questionnaire could successfully discriminate between the elderly subgroups in terms of gender and education. The internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) was reported 0.838-0.950, and the test-retest reliability using intraclass correlation coefficient was reported 0.95 at a two-week interval (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The designed 39-item questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool and can be used on the community-dwelling older adults in Iran by the health care providers, psychologists and researchers to measure their happiness.
http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1847-en.pdf
Elderly
Happiness
Questionnaire
Psychometrics
Iran