Volume 15, Issue 2 (Summer 2020)
Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing 2020, 15(2): 200-211 |
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Mohamadzadeh M, Rashedi V, Hashemi M, Borhaninejad V. Relationship Between Activities of Daily Living and Depression in Older Adults. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing 2020; 15 (2) :200-211
URL: http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1446-en.html
URL: http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1446-en.html
1- Mane and Semelghan Health Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Science, Bojnurd, Iran.
2- Department of Gerontology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. , ashedi.v@iums.ac.ir
3- Deputy of Research and Technology, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
4- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
2- Department of Gerontology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. , ashedi.v@iums.ac.ir
3- Deputy of Research and Technology, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
4- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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3. Results
The results showed that 86 of participants (58.1%) were female and 62 (41.9%) were male; 109 (73.6%) had age 60-75 years and the rest aged >75 years; 102 (68.9%) were married and the rest were divorced or widowed; 114 (77%) were unemployed; 123 (83.1%) were living in rural areas; 120 (81%) are illiterate and 5 (3.3%) had high school diplomas or higher degree; 77 patients (52%) had no depression, 57 (38.5%) moderate depression and 14 (9.5%) had severe depression. In overall, 48% had depressive symptoms. In terms of ADL, 97.3% were independent and in terms of IADL, only 58.8% were independent.
Spearman correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between depression variable and instrumental/non-instrumental daily living activities. According to the results, there was a negative and significant relationship between them, meaning that depression decreases with increasing instrumental and non- instrumental daily living activities (Table 1). In order to determine the predictors of depression, a linear regression model was used which included depression as a response variable while instrumental/non-instrumental daily activities, gender, marital status, place of residence, age, and education were considered predictor variables. The value of R2 value in this model was 0.221, indicating that 22.1% of the scatter observed in this model is explained by these seven variables. The variables of instrumental/non-instrumental daily activities, gender and marital status were significant (P<0.05), but the variables of education, place of residence and age were not significant (P>0.05).
Depression= 3.317+ ADL-0.12+ IADL+ -0.43gender+ -0.355 marital status
4. Conclusion
Depression was inversely related to instrumental/non-instrumental daily living activities in the elderly. Hence, it can be said that the ability of the elderly to perform daily living activities (with and without instruments) is a good predictor of depression in them. By carefully examining the health of the elderly and their ability by health care teams and their family members, it is possible to prevent the development of their inability in perform daily living activities, as well as their depression.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All ethical principles are considered in this article. The participants were informed about the purpose of the research and its implementation stages. They were also assured about the confidentiality of their information and were free to leave the study whenever they wished, and if desired, the research results would be available to them.
Funding
This study was extracted from a research proposal and received financial support from the Deputy for ResearchAnd Technology of North Khorasan University of Medical Science.
Authors' contributions
Conceptualization: Marzieh Mohamadzadeh, Vahid Rashedi; Methodology: Vahidreza Borhaninejad, Mitra Hashemi; Investigation: Mitra Hashemi, Marzieh Mohamadzadeh; Writing original draft: Marzieh Mohamadzadeh, Vahid Rashedi; Review & editing: All author.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
References
Taheritanjani P, Azadbakht M. [Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the activities of daily living scale and instrumental activities of daily living scale in elderly (Persian)]. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2014; 132(25):103-13. http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-6766-en.html
Allahyari E, Keramati M, Kamali M. [Predicting elderly depression prevalence in different Iranian ethnicities and associated factors (Persian)]. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2020; 15 (1):129-18. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1915-fa.html
Hekmatipoor N, Hojati H, Sharifnia H, Akhondzadeh G, Nikjoo A, Mirabilhasani M. [Effect of exercise on depression in elderly (Persian)]. Journal of Health Building Community Health Education. 2012; 1(3):23-32. http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-66-en.html
Ghaderi S, Sahaf R, Mohammadi Shahbalaghi F, Ansari G, Gharanjic A, Ashrafi K, et al. Prevalence of depression in elderly Kurdish community residing in Boukan, Iran. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2012; 7(1):57-66. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=562617
Asghari N, Aliakbari M, Dadkhah A. [The effects of group Logotherapy on decreasing the degree of depression in female olds (Persian)]. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies. 2012; 11(2):31-8. http://jdisabilstud.org/article-1-311-en.html
Rashedi V, Rezaei M, Foroughan M, Delbari A. Validity and reliability of the Depression In Old Age Scale (DIA-S) in Iranian older adults. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2016; 66:193-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2016.06.009] [PMID]
Rashedi V, Asadi-lari M, Foroughan M, Delbari A, Fadayevatan R. Prevalence of disability in Iranian older adults in Tehran, Iran: A population-based study. Journal of Health and Social Sciences. 2016; 1(3):251-62. https://journalhss.com/wp-content/uploads/JHHS13_251-262.pdf
Habibisola A, Nikpour S, Seiedshohada M, Haghani H. [Quality of life and statuse of physical functioning among elderly people in west region of Tehran: A cross-sectional survey (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Nursing. 2006; 21(53):29-39. http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-406-en.html
Khajavi D, Parsa Z. The Development of Psychometric Properties of "the elderly's activities of daily life scale". Journal of Development and Motor Learning. 2014; 6(1):91-108. [DOI:10.22059/JMLM.2014.50192]
Sherina M, Rampel L, Mostaqim A. The prevalence of depression among the elderly in Sepang, Selangor. Medical Journal of Malaysia. 2004; 59(1):45-9. [PMID]
Payahoo L, Khaje-bishak Y, Poorghasem B, Asghari Jafarabad M, Kabir-alavi M. [The survey of the relationship between quality of life of elderly with depression and physical activity in Tabriz, Iran (Persian)]. Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2011; 2(2):39-46. [DOI:10.22037/JRM.2013.1100142]
Rashedi V, Gharib M, Yazdani AA. Social participation and mental health among older adults in Iran. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal. 2014; 12(1):9-13. https://applications.emro.who.int/imemrf/Iran_Rehabil_J/Iran_Rehabil_J_2014_12_19_9_13.pdf
Nazari H, Rashedi V, Mohammadi H, Yousefi M. [Relationship between cognitive status and activities of daily living among the elderly of nursing homes (Persian)]. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2015; 18(12):744-6. [DOI:10.22110/jkums.v18i12.2390]
Alizadeh M, Rahimi A, Arshinchi M, Sharifi F, Arzaghi Seyed M, Fakhrzadeh H. [Physical health status and socio-economic outcomes on elderly in Tehran metropolitan area (Persian)]. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism of Iran. 2013; 13(1):29-38. http://ijdld.tums.ac.ir/article-1-5089-en.html
Alipour F, Sajadi H, Forouzan A, Nabavi H, Khedmati E. [The Role of Social Support in Reducing Anxiety and Depression in the Elderly (Persian)]. Iranian Journanl of Ageing. 2009; 4(1):53-61. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-333-en.html
Masoumi N, Jafroudi S, Ghanbari Khanghah A, Kazemnejad Leili E. [Assessment of retired elderly’s people autonomy and its affecting factors in Rasht. Journal of Holistic Nursing And Midwifery (Persian)]. 2011; 21(1):46-51. http://hnmj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-193-en.html
Habibi A, Savadpoor M, molaei B, SHamshiri M, Ghorbani M. Survey of physical functioning and prevalence of chronic illnesses among the elderly people. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2007; 4(3):67-78. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-314-en.html
Hassani Mehraban A, Soltanmohamadi Y, Akbarfahimi M, Taghizadeh G. Validity and reliability of the persian version of lawton instrumental activities of daily living scale in patients with dementia. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 2014; 28:25. [PMID] [PMCID]
Taheri Tanjani P, Azadbakht M. [Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the activities of daily living scale and instrumental activities of daily living scale in elderly (Persian)]. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2016; 25(132):103-12. http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-6766-en.html
Mesgar S, Amini Nasab Z, Nakhaei MH, Sharifzadeh G, Javadinia SA. [Study of quality of life, depression, and daily routines in rural elders in Birjand city, Iran, in 2013 (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2015; 10(3):142-7. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-753-fa.html
Shiekh J. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Journal Clinical Gerontologist. 1986; 5(1-2):165-73. [DOI:10.1300/J018v05n01_09]
Boey KW. The use of GDS-15 among the older adults in Beijing. Journal Clinical Gerontologist. 2000; 21(2):49-60. [DOI:10.1300/J018v21n02_05]
Teh EE, Hasanah CI. Validation of Malay version of Geriatric Depression Scale among elderly inpatients. Age. 2004; 17:65.4. http://eprints.usm.my/10198/1/Validation_of_Malay_Version_of_Geriatric_Depression_Scale_Among_Elderly_Inpatients_(PPSPerubatan).pdf
Mirzaei M, Sahaf R, Mirzaei S, Sepahvand E, Pakdel A, Shemshadi H. [Depression and its associated factors in elderly nursing home residents: A screening study in Khorramabad (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2015; 10(1)54-61. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-761-en.html
Malakouti SK, Fatollahi P, Mirabzadeh A, Salavati M, Zandi T. Reliability, validity and factor structure of the GDS‐15 in Iranian elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2006; 21(6):588-93. [DOI:10.1002/gps.1533] [PMID]
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Full-Text: (3650 Views)
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Depression is a disorder that is associated with feelings of sadness and hopelessness, and can be considered the most common and important cause of damage to the psychosocial functioning of the elderly [1, 2]. Depression often occurs in 12-16% of the elderly [3] and studies have shown that the prevalence of depression in the Iranian elderly is about 45% [4]. One of the most important issues in promoting the health and quality of life of the elderly is maintaining their independence in physical and cognitive activities and continuing to live actively [5]. The ability to perform activities reflects an important aspect of functional independence in the elderly [6] and is recognized as an effective factor in maintaining their health and success [7]. One of the important risk factors for depression in the elderly is their physical disability to perform their normal activities, and on the other hand, depression is associated with consequences such as loss of interest in daily activities, increased attachment, and lack of independence [2]. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the ability to perform daily living activities and the rate of depression in the elderly.
2. Methods & Materials
This is a descriptive analytical study with a cross-sectional design. Study population consists of all older people aged >60 years living in Maneh & Samolghan county in Iran. Multi-stage cluster sampling of health centers and then a convenience sampling was used for selecting participants. Inclusion criteria were age over 60 years, residence in the county, and willingness to participate in the study. Those who could not speak and were not mentally aware of the place and time were excluded from the study. The sample size, according to the r value obtained from 70 pilot samples (r=0.244) and statistical formulas with 95% confidence level and 80% test power, was obtained 129 which was determined to be 148 for more confidence.
In order to collect information, a demographic form, Activities of Daily Living (ADL) questionnaire with 7 items[8-10], Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) questionnaire [11-13], and 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) [14] were used. This study has an ethical approval obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences (Code:957/پ/95). Informed consent was obtained from all participants after ensuring them of the confidentiality of their information. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS V. 16 software and were presented by using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the normality of quantitative data, and Chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to compare quantitative variables.
1. Introduction
Depression is a disorder that is associated with feelings of sadness and hopelessness, and can be considered the most common and important cause of damage to the psychosocial functioning of the elderly [1, 2]. Depression often occurs in 12-16% of the elderly [3] and studies have shown that the prevalence of depression in the Iranian elderly is about 45% [4]. One of the most important issues in promoting the health and quality of life of the elderly is maintaining their independence in physical and cognitive activities and continuing to live actively [5]. The ability to perform activities reflects an important aspect of functional independence in the elderly [6] and is recognized as an effective factor in maintaining their health and success [7]. One of the important risk factors for depression in the elderly is their physical disability to perform their normal activities, and on the other hand, depression is associated with consequences such as loss of interest in daily activities, increased attachment, and lack of independence [2]. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the ability to perform daily living activities and the rate of depression in the elderly.
2. Methods & Materials
This is a descriptive analytical study with a cross-sectional design. Study population consists of all older people aged >60 years living in Maneh & Samolghan county in Iran. Multi-stage cluster sampling of health centers and then a convenience sampling was used for selecting participants. Inclusion criteria were age over 60 years, residence in the county, and willingness to participate in the study. Those who could not speak and were not mentally aware of the place and time were excluded from the study. The sample size, according to the r value obtained from 70 pilot samples (r=0.244) and statistical formulas with 95% confidence level and 80% test power, was obtained 129 which was determined to be 148 for more confidence.
In order to collect information, a demographic form, Activities of Daily Living (ADL) questionnaire with 7 items[8-10], Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) questionnaire [11-13], and 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) [14] were used. This study has an ethical approval obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences (Code:957/پ/95). Informed consent was obtained from all participants after ensuring them of the confidentiality of their information. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS V. 16 software and were presented by using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the normality of quantitative data, and Chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to compare quantitative variables.
3. Results
The results showed that 86 of participants (58.1%) were female and 62 (41.9%) were male; 109 (73.6%) had age 60-75 years and the rest aged >75 years; 102 (68.9%) were married and the rest were divorced or widowed; 114 (77%) were unemployed; 123 (83.1%) were living in rural areas; 120 (81%) are illiterate and 5 (3.3%) had high school diplomas or higher degree; 77 patients (52%) had no depression, 57 (38.5%) moderate depression and 14 (9.5%) had severe depression. In overall, 48% had depressive symptoms. In terms of ADL, 97.3% were independent and in terms of IADL, only 58.8% were independent.
Spearman correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between depression variable and instrumental/non-instrumental daily living activities. According to the results, there was a negative and significant relationship between them, meaning that depression decreases with increasing instrumental and non- instrumental daily living activities (Table 1). In order to determine the predictors of depression, a linear regression model was used which included depression as a response variable while instrumental/non-instrumental daily activities, gender, marital status, place of residence, age, and education were considered predictor variables. The value of R2 value in this model was 0.221, indicating that 22.1% of the scatter observed in this model is explained by these seven variables. The variables of instrumental/non-instrumental daily activities, gender and marital status were significant (P<0.05), but the variables of education, place of residence and age were not significant (P>0.05).
Depression= 3.317+ ADL-0.12+ IADL+ -0.43gender+ -0.355 marital status
4. Conclusion
Depression was inversely related to instrumental/non-instrumental daily living activities in the elderly. Hence, it can be said that the ability of the elderly to perform daily living activities (with and without instruments) is a good predictor of depression in them. By carefully examining the health of the elderly and their ability by health care teams and their family members, it is possible to prevent the development of their inability in perform daily living activities, as well as their depression.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All ethical principles are considered in this article. The participants were informed about the purpose of the research and its implementation stages. They were also assured about the confidentiality of their information and were free to leave the study whenever they wished, and if desired, the research results would be available to them.
Funding
This study was extracted from a research proposal and received financial support from the Deputy for ResearchAnd Technology of North Khorasan University of Medical Science.
Authors' contributions
Conceptualization: Marzieh Mohamadzadeh, Vahid Rashedi; Methodology: Vahidreza Borhaninejad, Mitra Hashemi; Investigation: Mitra Hashemi, Marzieh Mohamadzadeh; Writing original draft: Marzieh Mohamadzadeh, Vahid Rashedi; Review & editing: All author.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
References
Taheritanjani P, Azadbakht M. [Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the activities of daily living scale and instrumental activities of daily living scale in elderly (Persian)]. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2014; 132(25):103-13. http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-6766-en.html
Allahyari E, Keramati M, Kamali M. [Predicting elderly depression prevalence in different Iranian ethnicities and associated factors (Persian)]. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2020; 15 (1):129-18. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1915-fa.html
Hekmatipoor N, Hojati H, Sharifnia H, Akhondzadeh G, Nikjoo A, Mirabilhasani M. [Effect of exercise on depression in elderly (Persian)]. Journal of Health Building Community Health Education. 2012; 1(3):23-32. http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-66-en.html
Ghaderi S, Sahaf R, Mohammadi Shahbalaghi F, Ansari G, Gharanjic A, Ashrafi K, et al. Prevalence of depression in elderly Kurdish community residing in Boukan, Iran. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2012; 7(1):57-66. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=562617
Asghari N, Aliakbari M, Dadkhah A. [The effects of group Logotherapy on decreasing the degree of depression in female olds (Persian)]. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies. 2012; 11(2):31-8. http://jdisabilstud.org/article-1-311-en.html
Rashedi V, Rezaei M, Foroughan M, Delbari A. Validity and reliability of the Depression In Old Age Scale (DIA-S) in Iranian older adults. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2016; 66:193-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2016.06.009] [PMID]
Rashedi V, Asadi-lari M, Foroughan M, Delbari A, Fadayevatan R. Prevalence of disability in Iranian older adults in Tehran, Iran: A population-based study. Journal of Health and Social Sciences. 2016; 1(3):251-62. https://journalhss.com/wp-content/uploads/JHHS13_251-262.pdf
Habibisola A, Nikpour S, Seiedshohada M, Haghani H. [Quality of life and statuse of physical functioning among elderly people in west region of Tehran: A cross-sectional survey (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Nursing. 2006; 21(53):29-39. http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-406-en.html
Khajavi D, Parsa Z. The Development of Psychometric Properties of "the elderly's activities of daily life scale". Journal of Development and Motor Learning. 2014; 6(1):91-108. [DOI:10.22059/JMLM.2014.50192]
Sherina M, Rampel L, Mostaqim A. The prevalence of depression among the elderly in Sepang, Selangor. Medical Journal of Malaysia. 2004; 59(1):45-9. [PMID]
Payahoo L, Khaje-bishak Y, Poorghasem B, Asghari Jafarabad M, Kabir-alavi M. [The survey of the relationship between quality of life of elderly with depression and physical activity in Tabriz, Iran (Persian)]. Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2011; 2(2):39-46. [DOI:10.22037/JRM.2013.1100142]
Rashedi V, Gharib M, Yazdani AA. Social participation and mental health among older adults in Iran. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal. 2014; 12(1):9-13. https://applications.emro.who.int/imemrf/Iran_Rehabil_J/Iran_Rehabil_J_2014_12_19_9_13.pdf
Nazari H, Rashedi V, Mohammadi H, Yousefi M. [Relationship between cognitive status and activities of daily living among the elderly of nursing homes (Persian)]. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2015; 18(12):744-6. [DOI:10.22110/jkums.v18i12.2390]
Alizadeh M, Rahimi A, Arshinchi M, Sharifi F, Arzaghi Seyed M, Fakhrzadeh H. [Physical health status and socio-economic outcomes on elderly in Tehran metropolitan area (Persian)]. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism of Iran. 2013; 13(1):29-38. http://ijdld.tums.ac.ir/article-1-5089-en.html
Alipour F, Sajadi H, Forouzan A, Nabavi H, Khedmati E. [The Role of Social Support in Reducing Anxiety and Depression in the Elderly (Persian)]. Iranian Journanl of Ageing. 2009; 4(1):53-61. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-333-en.html
Masoumi N, Jafroudi S, Ghanbari Khanghah A, Kazemnejad Leili E. [Assessment of retired elderly’s people autonomy and its affecting factors in Rasht. Journal of Holistic Nursing And Midwifery (Persian)]. 2011; 21(1):46-51. http://hnmj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-193-en.html
Habibi A, Savadpoor M, molaei B, SHamshiri M, Ghorbani M. Survey of physical functioning and prevalence of chronic illnesses among the elderly people. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2007; 4(3):67-78. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-314-en.html
Hassani Mehraban A, Soltanmohamadi Y, Akbarfahimi M, Taghizadeh G. Validity and reliability of the persian version of lawton instrumental activities of daily living scale in patients with dementia. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 2014; 28:25. [PMID] [PMCID]
Taheri Tanjani P, Azadbakht M. [Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the activities of daily living scale and instrumental activities of daily living scale in elderly (Persian)]. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2016; 25(132):103-12. http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-6766-en.html
Mesgar S, Amini Nasab Z, Nakhaei MH, Sharifzadeh G, Javadinia SA. [Study of quality of life, depression, and daily routines in rural elders in Birjand city, Iran, in 2013 (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2015; 10(3):142-7. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-753-fa.html
Shiekh J. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Journal Clinical Gerontologist. 1986; 5(1-2):165-73. [DOI:10.1300/J018v05n01_09]
Boey KW. The use of GDS-15 among the older adults in Beijing. Journal Clinical Gerontologist. 2000; 21(2):49-60. [DOI:10.1300/J018v21n02_05]
Teh EE, Hasanah CI. Validation of Malay version of Geriatric Depression Scale among elderly inpatients. Age. 2004; 17:65.4. http://eprints.usm.my/10198/1/Validation_of_Malay_Version_of_Geriatric_Depression_Scale_Among_Elderly_Inpatients_(PPSPerubatan).pdf
Mirzaei M, Sahaf R, Mirzaei S, Sepahvand E, Pakdel A, Shemshadi H. [Depression and its associated factors in elderly nursing home residents: A screening study in Khorramabad (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2015; 10(1)54-61. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-761-en.html
Malakouti SK, Fatollahi P, Mirabzadeh A, Salavati M, Zandi T. Reliability, validity and factor structure of the GDS‐15 in Iranian elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2006; 21(6):588-93. [DOI:10.1002/gps.1533] [PMID]
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Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
gerontology
Received: 2017/12/06 | Accepted: 2018/08/10 | Published: 2020/07/01
Received: 2017/12/06 | Accepted: 2018/08/10 | Published: 2020/07/01
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