@article{ author = {Khalvati, Maliheh and Babakhanian, Masoudeh and Khalvati, Mahboube and Nafei, Ayub and Khalvati, Monire and Ghafuri, Ronak}, title = {Death Anxiety in the Elderly in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis}, abstract ={Objectives: Aging is one of the most critical stages of human development that has its own characteristics and conditions. One of the most common issues in old age is the mental health whose achievement requires special attention from both health system policymakers and service providers to the elderly. Death anxiety is one of the most common mental health issues in old age, because this period is full of feelings of shortcomings and disabilities. Since death anxiety is a multidimensional factor, it is expected to affect many aspects of the elderly. The present study aims to review and analyze published studies in the field of death anxiety in the elderly in Iran.  Methods & Materials: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted on the studies related to the death anxiety of the elderly in Iran published in Persian from 2011 to 2019. A search was conducted in national databases, including SID, IranDoc, MagIran, IDML, and CIVILICA using the keywords: Death anxiety, elderly, and older adult. Initial search yielded 61 articles. After screening, 33 studies that met the entry and exit criteria were selected for the final review. We used Stata v. 14 and SPSS v. 22 applications to perform meta-analysis. Results: In the studies, 40.35% of the participants were older women and the rest were older men with a mean age of 67.80±6.44 years. The mean score of death anxiety was higher in men than in women, and the elderly living in nursing homes had the highest score (11.8). Studies were categorized into three sections: comparison (3 studies), intervention (11 studies), and factors affecting the death anxiety (18 studies). The results of meta-analysis showed no significant relationship between spiritual therapy and reduction of death anxiety in the elderly (P>0.05). In studies with spiritual and behavioral therapies, the heterogeneity was significant and, thus, a significant positive relationship was observed between the reduction of death anxiety and these treatments methods. Conclusion: The death anxiety level of the elderly in Iran is low. Religious beliefs, hopes for the intercession of imams and religious leaders, and hopes for freedom from the hardships of worldly life seem to have contributed to low death anxiety in Iran. Different death anxiety scores have been reported for older men and women in Iran may be due to the effect of culture, religion, and traditions, the difference in the roles of men and women, and even the expression of fear and anxiety. Most of men have less tendency to express their emotions, including fear, while women are more likely to express their feelings. Behavioral and spiritual interventions lead to a decrease in the elderly’s death anxiety through affecting their finding meaning in life.}, Keywords = {Elderly, Death anxiety, Systematic review, Meta-analysis}, volume = {16}, Number = {2}, pages = {152-171}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی}, doi = {10.32598/sija.16.2.862.2}, url = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2028-en.html}, eprint = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2028-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Ageing}, issn = {1735-806X}, eissn = {1735-806X}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Amini, Raziyeh and MohammadiShahboulaghi, Farahnaz and NorouziTabrizi, Kian and SetarehForouzan, Amene}, title = {Facilitators and Barriers to Social Participation of Community-dwelling Older Adults in Iran: A Qualitative Study}, abstract ={Objectives: Social participation in older adults is one of the key pillars of active aging. Social participation is influenced by multiple underlying factors. The present study aims to explore the facilitators and barriers to social participation in community-dwelling older adults in Iran. Methods & Materials: This is a qualitative study using the grounded theory approach. The study population consisted of community-dwelling older adults. Fifteen samples were selected using a purposive sampling method. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews. Information were collected until data saturation. Each interview lasted for 45-60 minutes. Analysis was done using the method of Corbin and Strauss (2015). Results: Three main categories and 11 sub-categories were found based on data analysis which were: Participatory elderly (with 5 sub-categories), participatory family (with 2 sub-categories), and community capacity for social participation (with 4 sub-categories).  Conclusion: Facilitating social participation of community-dwelling older adults in Iran is associated by individual, family and community. Proper planning should be done in these areas. Providing facilitators for the development of social participation in the elderly can facilitate movement towards active aging.}, Keywords = {Social participation, Older adults, Facilitators, Barriers}, volume = {16}, Number = {2}, pages = {172-187}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی}, doi = {10.32598/sija.16.2.3052.1}, url = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2092-en.html}, eprint = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2092-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Ageing}, issn = {1735-806X}, eissn = {1735-806X}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Taghvaei, Elaheh and Motalebi, Seyedeh Ameneh and Mafi, Maryam and Soleimani, Mohammad Ali}, title = {Predictors of Social Isolation Among Community-dwelling Older Adults in Iran}, abstract ={Objectives: Social isolation can lead to depression, reduced life expectancy, and increased death anxiety among older adults. The present study aims to determine the predictors of social isolation in community-dwelling older adults residing in Qazvin, Iran. Methods & Materials: This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted on 301 older adults in 2019 who were selected using a cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a demographic/clinical checklist, Lubben Social Network Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule, 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index, and Pargament’s Religious Coping Questionnaire, which were completed through face to face interview. The collected data were analyzed using multivariable regression analysis.  Results: The Mean±SD age of participants was 68.63±7.31 years. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the significant predictors of social isolation were social support (β=0.333, P<0.001), disability (β=-0.137, P=0.018), and living with spouse (β=0.154, P=0.010). The social isolation was reduced by increasing social support, decreasing disability, and living with spouse. Conclusion: Given the role of social support and disability in predicting social isolation in the elderly, it seems that one of the effective factors in reducing social isolation especially in the disable older adults is establishing or strengthening supportive social networks.}, Keywords = {Aged, Social isolation, Social support, Disability}, volume = {16}, Number = {2}, pages = {188-201}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی}, doi = {10.32598/sija.16.2.1294.2}, url = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2087-en.html}, eprint = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2087-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Ageing}, issn = {1735-806X}, eissn = {1735-806X}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Saeidimehr, Saeid and Delbari, Ahmad and Zanjari, Nasibeh and FadayeVatan, Rez}, title = {Factors Related to Frailty Among Older Adults in Khuzestan, Iran}, abstract ={Objectives: Frailty syndrome is one of the most important geriatric syndromes that imposes high psychological and financial costs on the elderly, their families and health system. This study aims to determine the factors associated with frailty in older adults living in Khuzestan province of Iran Methods & Materials: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 on 540 older adults in Khuzestan province who were selected by a multistage random sampling method. Data collection tools include a demographic form, Deficit accumulation Frailty Index, Wax’s Social Support Scale and the Geriatric Depression Scale. Collected data were analyzed using Spearman correlation test, chi-square test and sequential logistic regression analysis. Results: The Mean±SD age of participants was 72.61±8.72 years and 65.6% were women. Around 10.4% were frail and 25.6% were pre-frail. Frailty was higher among older women with higher age, lower education, without social support, with depression, living alone, single, with a history of taking high number of medications, and with a history of hospitalization (P<0.001). Frailty was lower in older men with lower age, a history of taking less than 5 medications, no depression, and high social support (P<0.005). Conclusion: The consequences of frailty syndrome can be reduced by early identification of frail older adults and using appropriate interventions based on risk factors such as polypharmacy and low social support.}, Keywords = {Older adult, Frailty, Related factors, Khuzestan}, volume = {16}, Number = {2}, pages = {202-217}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی}, doi = {10.32598/sija.16.2.1600.1}, url = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2075-en.html}, eprint = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2075-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Ageing}, issn = {1735-806X}, eissn = {1735-806X}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Alemi, Sima and AbolmaaliAlhosseini, Khadijeh and Malihialzackerini, Saied and Khabiri, Mohamm}, title = {Effect of Mindfulness Therapy and Aromatherapy Massage on Pain Perception, Quality of Life and Sleep Quality in Older Women With Chronic Pain}, abstract ={Objectives: Aging is one of the phenomena in the field of global health. It is very important to pay attention to older adults psychologically and physically. This study aims to evaluate the effect of mindfulness therapy combined with aromatherapy massage on the psychological functions of older women with chronic pain. Methods & Materials: This is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test, follow-up design using a control group. The study population consists of all older women with chronic pain referred to hospitals, clinics, and rehabilitation centers in the west of Tehran, Iran in 2017. By using a convenience sampling method, 30 women were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly divided into two matched groups. The intervention group underwent mindfulness group therapy plus aromatherapy massage at ten 120-min sessions while the control group received no intervention. Their pain perception, sleep quality, and quality of life as psychological functions were evaluated at baseline, at the end of intervention and 45 days later. Collected data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance method in SPSS v. 19 software. Results: The mindfulness therapy/aromatherapy massage significantly reduced the pain perception and its components and improved quality of life and sleep quality in the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.05), and these effects remained stable in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: mindfulness therapy combined with aromatherapy massage improves the quality of life and sleep and reduces chronic pain in older women. It can be used as an effective intervention for improving general health and quality of life in older patients with chronic pain.}, Keywords = {Mindfulness, Aromatherapy, Psychological function, Older women, Chronic pain, Quality of life, Pain perception}, volume = {16}, Number = {2}, pages = {218-233}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی}, doi = {10.32598/sija.16.2.3058.1 }, url = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2096-en.html}, eprint = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2096-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Ageing}, issn = {1735-806X}, eissn = {1735-806X}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Hasanvand, Bahman and Farhadi, Alirez}, title = {Effect of Combined Exercise and Ginkgo Biloba Supplementation for 8 Weeks on Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Level in Depressed Older Men}, abstract ={Objectives: The current study aims to examine the effect of combined exercises and ginkgo biloba supplementation for 8 weeks on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) level in depressed older men. Methods & Materials: Forty depressed older men were randomly divided into four groups of exercise (n=10), supplementation (n=10), exercise + supplementation (n=10), and control (n=10). In the pre-test phase, blood samples were taken from the subjects. Then the participants in the exercise group performed combined exercises for eight weeks, 3 sessions per week. Those in the supplementation group, the subjects were given 80 mg of ginkgo biloba extract daily for eight weeks. In the exercise + supplementation group, the subjects received both interventions simultaneously. Blood samples were taken again 24 hours after the end of intervention. Collected data were analyzed using paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni Post Hoc Test. Results: Eight weeks of combined exercise alone, ginkgo biloba supplementation alone, and combined exercise and ginkgo biloba supplementation simultaneously significantly increased BDNF level in depressed older men (P<0.05). The increase in the BDNF level of subjects in the exercise + supplementation group was higher (84.78) compared to the exercise (74.37) and supplementation (72.20) groups. Conclusion: Simultaneous use of combined exercises and ginkgo biloba supplementation can be used by geriatricians to improve brain function of depressed older men.}, Keywords = {Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Combined exercise, Ginkgo biloba extract, Depression, Elderly}, volume = {16}, Number = {2}, pages = {234-247}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی}, doi = {10.32598/sija.16.2.2805.1 }, url = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1893-en.html}, eprint = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1893-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Ageing}, issn = {1735-806X}, eissn = {1735-806X}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ghorbani, Maryam and Salehabadi, Raha and Mahdavifar, Neda and Rad, Mostaf}, title = {Factors Related to Nurses’ Attitudes Toward the Elderly Care: The Predictive Roles of Altruism, Moral Intelligence, Life Satisfaction and General Health}, abstract ={Objectives: Nurses’ attitudes affect their preference for caring for the elderly as well as the quality of care. This study aims to investigate the factors related to nurses’ attitudes toward the elderly care and assess the predictive roles of altruism, moral intelligence, life satisfaction and general health. Methods & Materials: This descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on 265 nurses working in hospitals in Sabzevar, Iran in 2019. Data were collected using a demographic form, Kogan’s Attitudes Toward Old People Scale,Lennick and Kiel’s Moral Competency Inventory, Carlo’s revised form of Prosocial Tendencies Measure, Diener’s Satisfaction With Life Scale , and General Health Questionnaire-28 item. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and frequency) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation test, linear regression analysis, and independent t-test) in SPSS v. 16 software. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: The Mean±SD age of participants was 33.10±7.17 years. Nurses had a positive attitude toward the elderly care. Their Mean±SD attitude score was 155.39±17.74. There was no significant relationship between nurses’ attitudes and variables of age, gender, marital status, education, work experience, ward, and general health (P>0.05). The multiple regression model showed that the factors of moral intelligence (P=0.01), altruism (P=0.008) and life satisfaction (P=0.03) had a significant relationship with nurses’ attitudes toward the elderly care. Conclusion: Nurses’ attitudes toward the elderly care can be predicted by their moral intelligence, altruism and life satisfaction. Evaluation of these characteristics in nurses who provide services to the elderly can positively affect to their attitudes and prevent phenomena such as age discrimination.}, Keywords = {Nurses, Attitude, Moral intelligence, Altruism, Health, Life satisfaction, Care, Elderly}, volume = {16}, Number = {2}, pages = {248-259}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی}, doi = {10.32598/sija.16.2.2767.1}, url = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2127-en.html}, eprint = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2127-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Ageing}, issn = {1735-806X}, eissn = {1735-806X}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Sharifi, Azam and Arsalani, Narges and Fallahi-Khoshknab, Masoud and Mohammadi-Shahbolaghi, Farahnaz and Ebadi, Abbas}, title = {Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Perceptions of Physical Restraint Use Questionnaire}, abstract ={Objectives: One of the fundamental responsibilities of nurses in care is to prevent harm to the patients and others. Many nurses use physical restraints to achieve this goal. Considering that the use of physical restraints in older patients is associated with physical and psychological complications and ethical issues, it is important to identify the nurses’ perceptions of using physical restraint in hospitalized older adults. This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Perception of Physical Restraint Use Questionnaire (PRUQ) to be used in caring for hospitalized older adults in Iran. Methods & Materials: This is a methodological study with a descriptive cross-sectional design that was conducted in hospitals in Kermanshah (Western Iran) in 2019. After obtaining permission from the developers of PRUQ, translation to Persian was performed according to standard protocol of World Health Organization. Then, the Persian version was completed by 330 nurses who were selected by a convenience sampling method based on the inclusion criteria. Then, its face validity and content validity (qualitatively and quantitatively), construct validity using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), test-retest reliability, internal consistency and structural reliability were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS v. 23 and AMOS v. 5 applications. Results: Results showed a Content Validity Index (CVR) of 0.78 and a scale CVI of 0.88. Based on the results of EFA and CFA, three factors were extracted including “prevention of fall”, “prevention of interruption or interference in treatment” and “providing safe environment”. The good fit of the three-factor model of the Persian PRUQ was approved based on the model fit indices (Chi square/degree of freedom=2.27, Goodness-of-Fit Index=0.83, Comparative Fit Index =0.91, Normed Fit Index=0.92, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation=0.08). The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.82), structural reliability (>0.70) and intraclass correlation coefficient (0.86). Conclusion: The Persian version of PRUQ has good validity and reliability to be used in nurses working in hospitals in Iran. It can be used in future studies in this population.}, Keywords = {Physical restraint, Factor analysis, Older People, Nurse}, volume = {16}, Number = {2}, pages = {260-273}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی}, doi = {10.32598/sija.16.2.2855.1}, url = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1939-en.html}, eprint = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1939-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Ageing}, issn = {1735-806X}, eissn = {1735-806X}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {EterafOskouei, Tahereh and Vatankhah, Elaheh and Najafi, Moslem}, title = {The Status of Potentially Inappropriate Medication Prescription by General Physicians for The Elderly in Tabriz (Iran) According to Beers Criteria}, abstract ={Objectives: Prescribing medication for the elderly is an important health issue. This study aimed to investigate the status of Potentially Inappropriate Medications (PIMs) prescription for the elderly by general physicians in Tabriz, Iran. Methods & Materials: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 on the prescriptions of general physicians for the elderly in Tabriz, Iran. After initial screening of 16842 prescriptions belonged to two insurance systems (social security insurance and health insurance), 1500 prescriptions were selected. The Beers criteria 2019 was used to assess PIM prescription status and their alternatives were suggested if needed. Data were expressed as Mean±Standard Deviation (SD) and No. (%), and analyzed in SPSS v. 21 software. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to examine the differences in the study factors between the prescriptions related to two insurance systems. The relationship between patients’ age and PIM prescription was examined using Spearman correlation test. Results: The Mean±SD number of drugs in each prescription was 3.93±1.5 and the Mean±SD number of prescribed PIMs was 0.74±0.8. Polypharmacy was observed in 32.6% of the prescriptions, and 53.9% had at least one PIM. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antihistamines and benzodiazepines were the most PIM groups (45.6, 10.9 and 10.6%, respectively). The most common prescribed PIMs were Adult cold, Diclofenac, Glibenclamide, Ketorolac and Diphenhydramine. Number of PIMs in each prescription did were not statistically different between the prescriptions related to two insurance systems (P=0.343). Moreover, patients’ age and gender had no significant relationship with PIM prescription (P=0.312 and P=0.660, respectively). Conclusion: About 54% of the prescriptions issued by general physicians for the elderly in Tabriz contain PIMs, and polypharmacy is present in about one third of the prescriptions. In order to improve this condition, it is necessary to hold appropriate training and continuous retraining courses in geriatric medicine for general physicians. Supervisions by the Iranian Ministry of Health and Iranian Medical Council can also play an important role in improving the current situation. }, Keywords = {Potentially inappropriate medications, Elderly, General physicians, Beers criteria, Tabriz}, volume = {16}, Number = {2}, pages = {274-287}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی}, doi = {10.32598/sija.16.2.3045.1}, url = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2089-en.html}, eprint = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2089-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Ageing}, issn = {1735-806X}, eissn = {1735-806X}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Mirlohi, Elham Sadat and Keshvari, Mahrokh and Mohammadi, Ees}, title = {Effect of a Collaborative Care Training Program on Fear of Falling in the Elderly}, abstract ={Objectives: Falling is common among the elderly which can lead to dependency, reduced self-efficacy, depression, reduced quality of life, and impose costs on the individual, family and society. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of a collaborative care training program on fear of falling in the elderly. Methods & Materials: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 72 older people aged 71.34±7.47 years referred to the comprehensive health centers in Isfahan, Iran in 2019, who were selected using a convenience sampling method. They were randomly divided into two groups of training and control. The intervention group participated in a collaborative care program for 12 weeks, while the control group participated in two 60-minute educational sessions. The data were collected using a demographic form and the Falls Efficacy Scale International questionnaire completed before, immediately, and three months after intervention. The entry criteria included: Age >60 years, no psychological problems, not participating in previous studies, and experiencing a fall. On the other hand, the exit criteria included: Decreased consciousness after entering the study, unwillingness to continue, and death. SPSS software v. 21 was used for data analysis by chi-square test, Mann–Whitney U test, independent t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: In the training group, the mean scores of fear of falling were significantly different between the three evaluation times (P<0.05). The results of Least Significant Difference (LSD) post hoc test showed that the mean post-test score of fear of falling was significantly lower than the pretest score in the training group. Furthermore, it showed that the mean score of fear of falling in the 3-month follow-up period was lower than the post-test score (P<0.001). Conclusion: The collaborative care training program can reduce fear of falling and prevent falls in the elderly. Therefore, it is recommended to use this program in order to teach patients and their families how to reduce fear of falling.}, Keywords = {Collaborative care model, Fear of falling, Falls, Elderly}, volume = {16}, Number = {2}, pages = {288-303}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی}, doi = {10.32598/sija.16.2.2982.1 }, url = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2036-en.html}, eprint = {http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2036-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Ageing}, issn = {1735-806X}, eissn = {1735-806X}, year = {2021} }