Volume 15, Issue 2 (Summer 2020)
Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing 2020, 15(2): 176-187 |
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Marsa R, Younesi S J, Barekati S, Ramshini M, Ghyasi H. A Comparative Study on Stress, Anxiety and Depression Between Nursing-Home Elderly Residents and Home-dwelling Elderly People. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing 2020; 15 (2) :176-187
URL: http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1587-en.html
URL: http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1587-en.html
1- Student Research Committee, Department of Counseling, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
2- Department of Counseling, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,jyounesi@uswr.ac.ir
3- Department of Counseling, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
4- Department of Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
5- Department of Management and Health Information Technology, Faculty Of Economic and Accounting, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2- Department of Counseling, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,
3- Department of Counseling, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
4- Department of Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
5- Department of Management and Health Information Technology, Faculty Of Economic and Accounting, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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4. Conclusion
The results indicated that stress, anxiety and depression of elderly people living in nursing homes are more than in the elderly people living at home. Obviously, being away from home and family leads to the loss of effective relationships with friends and relatives, and as a result, reduces intimate relationships and material and psychological support of the elderly, and makes them more vulnerable to psychological problems. Elderly people living at home have better conditions due to the sense of belonging and acceptance, the feeling of being useful and supported, and having positive and useful social role in the family. In order to prevent the transfer of the elderly to nursing homes and increase their satisfaction with life and old age, it is necessary for policymakers to consider various community-based care models such as day care centers, home care services, economic and social support for family caregivers.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
The Ethic Commitee of University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (Code: IR.USWR.REC.1396.369) approval this study.
Funding
This research is the result of a research project approved by the Student Research Committee of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (Code: 1834).
Authors' contributions
All authors contributed equally in preparing all parts of the research.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
We hereby thank the Deputy of the Tehran Welfare Organization in issuing the necessary permits, the nursing homes for their great assistance in accessing the samples, and all the elderly participated in this study.
References
World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, disability and health (ICF). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.
Hemmati Alamdarlou G, Dehshiri G, Shojaie S, Hakimi Rad E. [Health and loneliness status of the elderly living in nursing homes versus those living with their families (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2008; 3(2):557-64. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-90-en.html
Heravi Karimloo M, Anoosheh M, Foroughan M, Sheykhi MT, Hajizadeh E, Seyed Bagher Maddah MS, et al. [Loneliness from the perspectives of elderly people: A phenomenological study (Persian)]. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2008; 2(4):410-20. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-53-en.html
Barekati S, Bahmani B, Naghiyaaee M, Afrasiabi M, Marsa R. The effectiveness of cognitive-existential group therapy on reducing existential anxiety in the elderly. Middle East Journal of Family Medicine. 2017; 15(8):75-83. [DOI:10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93059]
Kaldi A, Akbari Kamrani AA, Aliakbari KA, Foroghan M. Physical, social & mental problems of elderly in district 13 of Tehran. Social Welfare Quarterly. 2005; 4(14):233-49. http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1902-en.html
Marsa R, Bahmani B, Naghiyaee M, Barekati S. The effectiveness of cognitive-existential group therapy on reducing demoralization in the elderly. Middle East Journal of Family Medicine. 2017; 15(10):42-49. [DOI:10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93136]
Brody CM, Semel VG. Strategies for therapy with the elderly: Living with hope and meaning, 2th Edition. New York City: Springer; 2005.
Elahi T, Khosravi R, Rashidi Rashtabadi S, Akhavan A. [Hopefulness and mental disorders in the elderly (Persian)]. Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research. 2014; 22(92):119-25. http://zums.ac.ir/journal/article-1-2684-en.html
Rezayi S, Manouchehri M. [Comparison of mental disorders between home owner residents and nurse homes elders (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2008; 3(1):16-25. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-79-fa.html
Bastami F, Salahshoori A, Shirani F, Mohtashami A, Sharafkhani N. Risk factors of depression on the elderly: A review study. Journal of Gerontology (JOGE). 2016; 1(2):54-65. [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.joge.1.2.54]
Bahram ME, Pourvaghar MJ, Akkasheh G. The effect of eight weeks Pilates training on reducing depression among elderly male; retired workmen. Journal of Geriatric Nursing. 2014; 1(2):31-42. http://jgn.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-75-fa.html
McCarthy-Zelaya I. Depression in older adults in nursing homes: A review of the literature [BS. thesis]. Portland: Portland State University; 2016. [DOI:10.15760/honors.259]
Sadock V, Sadock BJ. Synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences [F. Rezai Persian trans]. Tehran: Arjmand; 2016. https://b2n.ir/071212
Mulsant BH, Ganguli M. Epidemiology and diagnosis of depression in late life. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999; 60(Suppl. 20):9-15. [PMID]
Zammit P, Fiorini A. Depressive illness in institutionalised older people in Malta. Malta Medical Journal. 2015; 27(3):22-5. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/5668
Chop W. Social aspect of aging. In: Farrell G, Miller WC, edirors. Nursing Care of Older Person. Philadelphia: McGraw Hill Company; 2001.
Chokkanathan S. Resources, stressors and psychological distress among older adults in Chennai, India. Social Science & Medicine. 2009; 68(2):243-50. [DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.10.008] [PMID]
Palazzolo J. Depression, anxiety and elderly. Annals of Depression and Anxiety. 2015; 2(3):1049. https://austinpublishinggroup.com/depression-anxiety/fulltext/depression-v2-id1049.php
Alizadeh M, Hoseini M, Shojaeizadeh D, Rahimi A, Arshinchi M, Rohani H. [Assessing anxiety, depression and psychological wellbeing status of urban elderly under represent of Tehran metropolitan city (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2012; 7(3):66-73. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-445-en.html
Ahmed D, El Shair IH, Taher E, Zyada F. Prevalence and predictors of depression and anxiety among the elderly population living in geriatric homes in Cairo, Egypt. The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association. 2014; 89(3):127-35. [DOI:10.1097/01.EPX.0000455729.66131.49] [PMID]
Babazadeh T, Sarkhoshi R, Bahadori F, Moradi F, Shariat F, Sherizadeh Y. Prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress disorders in elderly people residing in Khoy, Iran (2014-2015). Journal of Analytical Research in Clinical Medicine. 2016; 4(2):122-8. [DOI:10.15171/jarcm.2016.020]
Demirkıran F, Okyay P, Oner H, Yildirim B. Comparison of satisfaction levels regarding living conditions, depression and dependency among two elderly groups, one in nursing home and the other at home: A community-based, cross-sectional analytic study. American International Journal of Social Science. 2013; 2(2):29-37. https://aijssnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_2_March_2013/4.pdf
Schumacher J, Zedlick D, Frenzel G. [Depressive mood and cognitive impairment in results of old age nursing homes (German)]. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie. 1997; 30(1):46-53. [PMID]
Yazdkhasti F. [A study on cognitive and depressive disorders in the elderly and their correlation with each other (Persian)]. Advances in Cognitive Science. 2010; 11(4):12-7. http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-67-en.html
Ghafari M, Sharifirad GR, Zanjani S, Hassanzadeh A. [Stress, anxiety and depression levels among elderly referrals to Tehran Elderly Club (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2012; 7(2):53-9. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-626-en.html
Mobasheri M, Moezy M. [The prevalence of depression among the elderly population of Shaystegan and Jahandidegan nursing homes in Shahrekord (Persian)]. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. 2010; 12(2):89-94. http://journal.skums.ac.ir/article-1-362-en.html
Sohrabi MB, Zolfaghari P, Mehdizade F, Aghayan SM, Ghasemian-Aghmashhadi M, Shariati Z, et al. [Evaluation and comparison of cognitive state and depression in elderly admitted in sanitarium with elderly sited in personal home (Persian)]. Journal of Knowledge & Health. 2008; 3(2):27-31. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=86544
Halter J, Ouslander J, Tinetti M, Studenski S, High K, Asthana S. Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2009.
Hemmati Alamdarlou G, Dehshiri G, Shojaee S, Hakimi Rad E. Comparison of loneliness and public health in older people residing in homes and nursing homes in the North of Tehran. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2008; 3(2):557-64. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-90-en.html
Pasha G, Safarzade S, Mashak R. [Comparison of public health and social support in older people residing at home and nursing homes (Persian)]. Khanevade Pajouhi. 2006; 3(1):503-17. http://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article/view/37
Haider Ali H. Statistical inference in behavioral research. Tehran: Samt; 2014.
Bakhtiyari F, Foroughan M, Fakhrzadeh H, Nazari N, Najafi B, Alizadeh M, et al. [Validation of the Persian version of Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) in elderly residents of Kahrizak charity foundation (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Lipid Disorders. 2014; 13(6):487-94. http://ijdld.tums.ac.ir/article-1-5271-en.html
Sahebi A, Asghari MJ, Salari RS. Validation of Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) for an Iranian population. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologists. 2005; 1(4):36-54. http://jip.azad.ac.ir/article_512443_en.html
Mann AH, Graham N, Ashby D. Psychiatric illness in residential homes for the elderly: A survey in one London borough. Age and Ageing. 1984; 13(5):257-65. [DOI:10.1093/ageing/13.5.257] [PMID]
Safavi S. [Comparing quality of life, social support and depression among elderly living at home and nursing home residents (Persian)]. Journal of Geriatric Nursing. 2015; 1(3):34-46. http://jgn.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-100-en.html
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Full-Text: (5801 Views)
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
The main psychological problems of the elderly are feelings of loneliness, boredom, anger, feelings of emptiness, apprehension, insomnia and anxiety [1-3]. Entering a nursing home also has psychological consequences. Living in a nursing home is associated with a lack of close and meaningful relationships with family members, loneliness, feelings of rejection, inadequacy and worthlessness, lack of control over life and reduced motivation. This makes the elderly feel passive and incapacitated [4-7]. As a result, these feelings lead to negative emotions such as sadness, low self-esteem and social isolation in the elderly and depression is an important and serious consequence of such emotions [8]. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between place of residence and having stress, anxiety and depression in the elderly. The main question was, “Is there a difference in stress, anxiety, and depression between the elderly living in nursing homes and home-dwelling elderly?”
2. Materials & Methods
This is descriptive comparative study with cross-sectional design. Study population consists of all older people living in nursing homes and those living at home in Tehran in 2017. The sample size was calculated 218 using Cochran’s formula. Using a convenience sampling method, 218 residents of nursing homes and 218 home-dwelling ones matched for age and gender were recruited. Inclusion criteria were: Age 60-80 years, ability to speak, willingness to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria were: Severe physical and motor disabilities, severe mental and cerebral problems such as Parkinson’s disease and dementia, and inability to perform personal activities that necessitate a permanent nurse. In order to ensure the absence of cognitive problems, Persian version of Abbreviated Mental Test was used [10].
Data collection tools were a demographic form (surveying age, gender, education, and accommodation) and 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) which has 7 items and the subject should rate the severity of symptoms that s/he has experienced during the last week on a 4-point scale (from 0 to 3). The abbreviated form of this scale was performed on a non-clinical sample of 1070 people to evaluate its psychometric properties. The reliability of this scale by using Cronbach’s alpha was acceptable (0.77 for depression, 0.79 for anxiety and 0.78 for stress) [11]. Data were analyzed in SPSS V. 20 software by using descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent t-test).
3. Results
Participants were 436 elderly people aged 60-80 years, 218 home-dwelling elderly people with a mean age of 68.6 years and 218 residents of nursing homes with a mean age of 72.1 years. 75.5%, 48.4%, and 39.7% had normal stress, anxiety and depression; 20%, 17.2%, and 26.6% had mild stress, anxiety and depression; 4.1%, 27.1%, and 24.1% moderate stress, anxiety and depression; and 0.5%, 7.4%, and 9.6% had severe stress, anxiety and severe depression, respectively. In Table 1, as can be seen, the mean and standard deviation of stress, anxiety and depression in the elderly living in a nursing home was 37.75±11.34, and in the home-dwelling elderly as 26.68±5.64. There was a significant difference between home-dwelling elderly people and nursing home residents in terms of stress, anxiety and depression (t=12.89, sig<0.05) (Sig=0.000, P<0.05).
1. Introduction
The main psychological problems of the elderly are feelings of loneliness, boredom, anger, feelings of emptiness, apprehension, insomnia and anxiety [1-3]. Entering a nursing home also has psychological consequences. Living in a nursing home is associated with a lack of close and meaningful relationships with family members, loneliness, feelings of rejection, inadequacy and worthlessness, lack of control over life and reduced motivation. This makes the elderly feel passive and incapacitated [4-7]. As a result, these feelings lead to negative emotions such as sadness, low self-esteem and social isolation in the elderly and depression is an important and serious consequence of such emotions [8]. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between place of residence and having stress, anxiety and depression in the elderly. The main question was, “Is there a difference in stress, anxiety, and depression between the elderly living in nursing homes and home-dwelling elderly?”
2. Materials & Methods
This is descriptive comparative study with cross-sectional design. Study population consists of all older people living in nursing homes and those living at home in Tehran in 2017. The sample size was calculated 218 using Cochran’s formula. Using a convenience sampling method, 218 residents of nursing homes and 218 home-dwelling ones matched for age and gender were recruited. Inclusion criteria were: Age 60-80 years, ability to speak, willingness to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria were: Severe physical and motor disabilities, severe mental and cerebral problems such as Parkinson’s disease and dementia, and inability to perform personal activities that necessitate a permanent nurse. In order to ensure the absence of cognitive problems, Persian version of Abbreviated Mental Test was used [10].
Data collection tools were a demographic form (surveying age, gender, education, and accommodation) and 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) which has 7 items and the subject should rate the severity of symptoms that s/he has experienced during the last week on a 4-point scale (from 0 to 3). The abbreviated form of this scale was performed on a non-clinical sample of 1070 people to evaluate its psychometric properties. The reliability of this scale by using Cronbach’s alpha was acceptable (0.77 for depression, 0.79 for anxiety and 0.78 for stress) [11]. Data were analyzed in SPSS V. 20 software by using descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent t-test).
3. Results
Participants were 436 elderly people aged 60-80 years, 218 home-dwelling elderly people with a mean age of 68.6 years and 218 residents of nursing homes with a mean age of 72.1 years. 75.5%, 48.4%, and 39.7% had normal stress, anxiety and depression; 20%, 17.2%, and 26.6% had mild stress, anxiety and depression; 4.1%, 27.1%, and 24.1% moderate stress, anxiety and depression; and 0.5%, 7.4%, and 9.6% had severe stress, anxiety and severe depression, respectively. In Table 1, as can be seen, the mean and standard deviation of stress, anxiety and depression in the elderly living in a nursing home was 37.75±11.34, and in the home-dwelling elderly as 26.68±5.64. There was a significant difference between home-dwelling elderly people and nursing home residents in terms of stress, anxiety and depression (t=12.89, sig<0.05) (Sig=0.000, P<0.05).
4. Conclusion
The results indicated that stress, anxiety and depression of elderly people living in nursing homes are more than in the elderly people living at home. Obviously, being away from home and family leads to the loss of effective relationships with friends and relatives, and as a result, reduces intimate relationships and material and psychological support of the elderly, and makes them more vulnerable to psychological problems. Elderly people living at home have better conditions due to the sense of belonging and acceptance, the feeling of being useful and supported, and having positive and useful social role in the family. In order to prevent the transfer of the elderly to nursing homes and increase their satisfaction with life and old age, it is necessary for policymakers to consider various community-based care models such as day care centers, home care services, economic and social support for family caregivers.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
The Ethic Commitee of University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (Code: IR.USWR.REC.1396.369) approval this study.
Funding
This research is the result of a research project approved by the Student Research Committee of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (Code: 1834).
Authors' contributions
All authors contributed equally in preparing all parts of the research.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
We hereby thank the Deputy of the Tehran Welfare Organization in issuing the necessary permits, the nursing homes for their great assistance in accessing the samples, and all the elderly participated in this study.
References
World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, disability and health (ICF). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.
Hemmati Alamdarlou G, Dehshiri G, Shojaie S, Hakimi Rad E. [Health and loneliness status of the elderly living in nursing homes versus those living with their families (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2008; 3(2):557-64. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-90-en.html
Heravi Karimloo M, Anoosheh M, Foroughan M, Sheykhi MT, Hajizadeh E, Seyed Bagher Maddah MS, et al. [Loneliness from the perspectives of elderly people: A phenomenological study (Persian)]. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2008; 2(4):410-20. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-53-en.html
Barekati S, Bahmani B, Naghiyaaee M, Afrasiabi M, Marsa R. The effectiveness of cognitive-existential group therapy on reducing existential anxiety in the elderly. Middle East Journal of Family Medicine. 2017; 15(8):75-83. [DOI:10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93059]
Kaldi A, Akbari Kamrani AA, Aliakbari KA, Foroghan M. Physical, social & mental problems of elderly in district 13 of Tehran. Social Welfare Quarterly. 2005; 4(14):233-49. http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1902-en.html
Marsa R, Bahmani B, Naghiyaee M, Barekati S. The effectiveness of cognitive-existential group therapy on reducing demoralization in the elderly. Middle East Journal of Family Medicine. 2017; 15(10):42-49. [DOI:10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93136]
Brody CM, Semel VG. Strategies for therapy with the elderly: Living with hope and meaning, 2th Edition. New York City: Springer; 2005.
Elahi T, Khosravi R, Rashidi Rashtabadi S, Akhavan A. [Hopefulness and mental disorders in the elderly (Persian)]. Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research. 2014; 22(92):119-25. http://zums.ac.ir/journal/article-1-2684-en.html
Rezayi S, Manouchehri M. [Comparison of mental disorders between home owner residents and nurse homes elders (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2008; 3(1):16-25. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-79-fa.html
Bastami F, Salahshoori A, Shirani F, Mohtashami A, Sharafkhani N. Risk factors of depression on the elderly: A review study. Journal of Gerontology (JOGE). 2016; 1(2):54-65. [DOI:10.18869/acadpub.joge.1.2.54]
Bahram ME, Pourvaghar MJ, Akkasheh G. The effect of eight weeks Pilates training on reducing depression among elderly male; retired workmen. Journal of Geriatric Nursing. 2014; 1(2):31-42. http://jgn.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-75-fa.html
McCarthy-Zelaya I. Depression in older adults in nursing homes: A review of the literature [BS. thesis]. Portland: Portland State University; 2016. [DOI:10.15760/honors.259]
Sadock V, Sadock BJ. Synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences [F. Rezai Persian trans]. Tehran: Arjmand; 2016. https://b2n.ir/071212
Mulsant BH, Ganguli M. Epidemiology and diagnosis of depression in late life. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999; 60(Suppl. 20):9-15. [PMID]
Zammit P, Fiorini A. Depressive illness in institutionalised older people in Malta. Malta Medical Journal. 2015; 27(3):22-5. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/5668
Chop W. Social aspect of aging. In: Farrell G, Miller WC, edirors. Nursing Care of Older Person. Philadelphia: McGraw Hill Company; 2001.
Chokkanathan S. Resources, stressors and psychological distress among older adults in Chennai, India. Social Science & Medicine. 2009; 68(2):243-50. [DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.10.008] [PMID]
Palazzolo J. Depression, anxiety and elderly. Annals of Depression and Anxiety. 2015; 2(3):1049. https://austinpublishinggroup.com/depression-anxiety/fulltext/depression-v2-id1049.php
Alizadeh M, Hoseini M, Shojaeizadeh D, Rahimi A, Arshinchi M, Rohani H. [Assessing anxiety, depression and psychological wellbeing status of urban elderly under represent of Tehran metropolitan city (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2012; 7(3):66-73. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-445-en.html
Ahmed D, El Shair IH, Taher E, Zyada F. Prevalence and predictors of depression and anxiety among the elderly population living in geriatric homes in Cairo, Egypt. The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association. 2014; 89(3):127-35. [DOI:10.1097/01.EPX.0000455729.66131.49] [PMID]
Babazadeh T, Sarkhoshi R, Bahadori F, Moradi F, Shariat F, Sherizadeh Y. Prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress disorders in elderly people residing in Khoy, Iran (2014-2015). Journal of Analytical Research in Clinical Medicine. 2016; 4(2):122-8. [DOI:10.15171/jarcm.2016.020]
Demirkıran F, Okyay P, Oner H, Yildirim B. Comparison of satisfaction levels regarding living conditions, depression and dependency among two elderly groups, one in nursing home and the other at home: A community-based, cross-sectional analytic study. American International Journal of Social Science. 2013; 2(2):29-37. https://aijssnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_2_March_2013/4.pdf
Schumacher J, Zedlick D, Frenzel G. [Depressive mood and cognitive impairment in results of old age nursing homes (German)]. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie. 1997; 30(1):46-53. [PMID]
Yazdkhasti F. [A study on cognitive and depressive disorders in the elderly and their correlation with each other (Persian)]. Advances in Cognitive Science. 2010; 11(4):12-7. http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-67-en.html
Ghafari M, Sharifirad GR, Zanjani S, Hassanzadeh A. [Stress, anxiety and depression levels among elderly referrals to Tehran Elderly Club (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2012; 7(2):53-9. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-626-en.html
Mobasheri M, Moezy M. [The prevalence of depression among the elderly population of Shaystegan and Jahandidegan nursing homes in Shahrekord (Persian)]. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. 2010; 12(2):89-94. http://journal.skums.ac.ir/article-1-362-en.html
Sohrabi MB, Zolfaghari P, Mehdizade F, Aghayan SM, Ghasemian-Aghmashhadi M, Shariati Z, et al. [Evaluation and comparison of cognitive state and depression in elderly admitted in sanitarium with elderly sited in personal home (Persian)]. Journal of Knowledge & Health. 2008; 3(2):27-31. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=86544
Halter J, Ouslander J, Tinetti M, Studenski S, High K, Asthana S. Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2009.
Hemmati Alamdarlou G, Dehshiri G, Shojaee S, Hakimi Rad E. Comparison of loneliness and public health in older people residing in homes and nursing homes in the North of Tehran. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2008; 3(2):557-64. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-90-en.html
Pasha G, Safarzade S, Mashak R. [Comparison of public health and social support in older people residing at home and nursing homes (Persian)]. Khanevade Pajouhi. 2006; 3(1):503-17. http://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article/view/37
Haider Ali H. Statistical inference in behavioral research. Tehran: Samt; 2014.
Bakhtiyari F, Foroughan M, Fakhrzadeh H, Nazari N, Najafi B, Alizadeh M, et al. [Validation of the Persian version of Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) in elderly residents of Kahrizak charity foundation (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Lipid Disorders. 2014; 13(6):487-94. http://ijdld.tums.ac.ir/article-1-5271-en.html
Sahebi A, Asghari MJ, Salari RS. Validation of Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) for an Iranian population. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologists. 2005; 1(4):36-54. http://jip.azad.ac.ir/article_512443_en.html
Mann AH, Graham N, Ashby D. Psychiatric illness in residential homes for the elderly: A survey in one London borough. Age and Ageing. 1984; 13(5):257-65. [DOI:10.1093/ageing/13.5.257] [PMID]
Safavi S. [Comparing quality of life, social support and depression among elderly living at home and nursing home residents (Persian)]. Journal of Geriatric Nursing. 2015; 1(3):34-46. http://jgn.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-100-en.html
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Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Psychology
Received: 2018/07/14 | Accepted: 2018/09/12 | Published: 2018/12/31
Received: 2018/07/14 | Accepted: 2018/09/12 | Published: 2018/12/31
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