Volume 15, Issue 3 (Autumn 2020)                   Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing 2020, 15(3): 350-365 | Back to browse issues page

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Jokar F, Asadollahi A R, Kaveh M H, Ghahramani L, Nazari M. Relationship of Perceived Social Support With the Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults Living in Rural Communities in Iran. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing 2020; 15 (3) :350-365
URL: http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1927-en.html
Relationship of Perceived Social Support With the Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults Living in Rural Communities in Iran
Fatemeh Jokar1 , Abdol Rahim Asadollahi1 , Mohammad Hossein Kaveh1 , Leila Ghahramani1 , Mahin Nazari * 2
1- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
2- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. , manazari@sums.ac.ir
Keywords: Old people, Rural older adults, Social support, Activities of daily living
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1. Introduction
he growing trend in aging population raises the need to pay attention to the daily activities of the elderly and their social support as an effective factor in promoting their health. Although friendship and support are concepts as old as human communication, the concept of social support is a relatively new concept. Today, diseases and injuries are studied in correlation with social support. The present study aims to investigate the relationship of perceived social support and demographic variables with Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) in the elderly live in rural communities.
2. Methods & Materials
This is a descriptive/analytical study. The study population consists of the elderly live in Bayza County located 45 kilometers away from the city of Shiraz, Iran. This county has 6 districts, and one district (Harabal) that was easier to access, was selected. This district has 8 health centers. The present study was conducted in the villages of Haft Khan, Haji Abad, Aliabad Tang, Ayazjan, Jafarabad, Ebrahimabad. The sample size was determined 400 according to the previous study [32] and using the formula, which increased to 420 by considering α=0.05, test power (β-1)= 80% and a drop rate of 20%. Samples were selected using a convenience sampling method. Inclusion criteria were: hearing and speaking abilities, age 60 or older, having an active medical record in comprehensive health databases, and declaring informed consent. Exclusion criteria were: return of incomplete questionnaire, unwillingness to cooperate, and the presence of diagnosed diseases. Data collection tools were Procidano & Heller’s Perceived Social Support - Family Scale (PSS-Fa) and the ADL scale for the elderly. The internal consistency of the ADL questionnaire using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient in Iranian samples was calculated 0.96. The PSS-Fa has a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.88-0.91. For its Persian version, a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.87 was obtained. Data analysis was performed in SPSS V. 25 software using multivariate ANOVA and regression analysis.
3. Results
The Mean±SD age of participants was 69.67±7.067; 60.2% aged 60-70 years, 33% aged 71-80 years, and 6.8% aged 80 years and older. Moreover, 51.6% were women and the rest were men; 79.3% were married and 20.5% were widowed; 80.2% were illiterate and the rest had primary education. The mean score of perceived social support was obtained 16.55±5.16 (ranging 0-20) and the mean score of ADL scale was 55.10±3.7 (ranging 0-90), indicating relatively high social support and independence of the elderly. 59.21% of the elderly with the age of 60-70 years, 51.93% with 80-71 years, and 41.24% with the age of 81 years and older were able to perform daily activities, indicating that with increasing age, the daily activities of the elderly decrease.
Multivariate ANOVA Results reported ICC= 0.979 (95%) CI:0./975 (95%), and showed that the factors of marital status and gender had no significant effect on the ADL of the elderly in rural areas (P>0.05). According to Table 1, multivariate ANOVA Results showed that perceived social support had a significant effect on the overall ADL and its subscales (subtle activities, washing and heavy work activities).



For heavy work activities, religious activities, personal care, subtle activities and the overall ADL, Eta Squared coefficient were 0.118, 0.178, 0.186, 0.138, 0.147, and 0.248, respectively. This indicates that social support can explain 24.8% of the total ADL of the elderly in rural areas, and high social support increases the ADLs of the elderly (Adjusted R2= 0.288, P≤0.05).
4. Conclusion
Many demographic variables and social support affect the ADL level of the elderly. Social support can be used as a social investment to improve the quality of life of the elderly. Therefore, considering that one of the duties of health care providers is to improve the health status of the elderly, it is necessary for health care providers to increase social support and maintain and promote a healthy and active life for them through educational programs and periodic physical examinations.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
This study obtained its ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Code: SUMS.11128). Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to sudy.
Funding
This study received financial support from the Deputy for Research of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.
Authors' contributions
Conceptualization, interview: Fatemeh Jokar; Supervision and writing – original draft: Mahin Nazari; Methodology and data analysis: Abdolrahim Asadollahi; Approve: A ll authors.  
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the older adults participated in the study for their valuable cooperation.
 
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Type of Study: Research | Subject: gerontology
Received: 2019/11/09 | Accepted: 2020/05/17 | Published: 2020/07/01
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