Objectives As the population of the older adults in the world and Iran grows, the population of the older adults in prison is also increasing. Issues related to criminals and prisoners, especially its relationship with psychiatric issues, are one of the most challenging and widely used fields of research. In the country's prisons, more research is needed on the problems of this age group, especially their mental problems. This study aimed to compare the personality disorders of older adults offenders in Tehran prisons based on the type of crime in 1402.
Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study (descriptive-analytical) that was conducted on 274 prisoners aged 60 years and older in two prisons in Feshafoye and Shahr Ray women in 1402. Sampling was done using a systematic random method and the demographic characteristics questionnaire (MCMI-3) was completed by the older adults. Data analysis was done using spss software and descriptive statistics and comparison tests between qualitative variables with Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test.
Findings: Of the 274 people surveyed, 199 (72.6%) had at least one personality disorder. The mean and standard deviation of the total age of the subjects is 163.5 ± 65.03. The largest age group participating in the study was male with 86.9%. The lowest prevalence of personality disorder was sadistic personality disorder )0.4%(and the highest prevalence was Histrionic personality disorder)31%(. There is significant relationship between the frequency of prevalence of Histrionic personality disorder in the subjects based on the type of crime(P=0/001, df=7, χ2 =43/565). There is also a significant relationship between the prevalence of obsessive personality disorder in the subjects based on the type of crime (P= 0/005, df=7, χ2=20/531).In addition, the percentage of Histrionic and obsessive personality disorder is higher in debt and fraud offenders than in other offenders.
Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of personality disorders in the older adults prisoners, the results of this study suggest that educational measures and early identification of these disorders, as well as counseling to modify inappropriate behaviors in these individuals, will create the background for future crimes. Release may lead to recidivism and re-imprisonment, planning and implementation.

Objectives: Falls by elderly people area frequent cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in institutionalized elders. to describe the features of falls among institutionalized elderly people.

Methods & Materials: characteristics of falls in the preceding six months (March 2006 - September 2006) that occurred among elder lies (aged over 60years) with normal physical function and cognitive status, who lived at Kahrizak Institute, along term nursing home in Tehran, were surveyed and analyzed.

Results: The mean age of the patients with falls was 76.9 yrs. These numbers of falls had occurred among 29 elders that 48.3% were women and 51.7% were men. 57.6% off alls were simple and elders could standup immediately independently. 42.4% of falls needed to help for standup, 2 elder person (2.6%) had sever consequence of fall and had fractures. (Skull fracture, head trauma & hip fracture) 30.3% of falls occurred in yard, 28.9% at room, 18.4%inhallway, 14.5% at WC, .3.9%at bathroom, and 3.9% at lunch saloon. Analysis of the time of falls showed: 45.3% of falls occurred at 7bl2 am, 13.2% at the lunch time (12bI4), 17% at 14b19, 11.3%at night (19b4 am), and 13.2% at 4b7 am.

Conclusion: falls among elder lies occur mainly outside of room. And occur at the time of maximum activities, for example at morning; also falls have been happened more in subjects older, and occasionally result in sever injury such as head trauma, skull fracture, femur and pelvis fracture and cause more mortality and morbidity. Control of environmental risk factors could be protective factors against falls.

Objectives: To investigate the effect of Romberg exercise on balance improvement in elderly persons, 70 elderly persons with the history of two or more falling during recent 3 months were selected from Kahrizak nursing home in Tehran (38 as cases and 32 as controls).

Methods & Materials : Romberg exercise was done in case group every day (45 minute per day and one time each day) for 3 months. Among all persons, 28 persons in case group and 21 persons in control group were followed for 6 months and incidence and frequency of falling were assessed during this time.

Results: The Incidence of one or more falling in case and control groups was 31.3% and 47.6% in men and 57.9% and 27.3% in women, respectively. We found no significant relation between gender and the incidence of falling (P=0.460). Also, no significant relation was found between age and incidence (P=0.554) and frequency of falling (P=0.144) in elderly persons.

Conclusion: Although the effect of Romberg exercise on improvement of balance disturbance and falling was not demonstrated, it needs additional studies with larger sample size and longer follow-up.

Objectives: Purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between Social Participation and its dimensions (Institutional & Non-Institutional Involvements) on elderly`s quality of lif in those who are members of Senior Association in Tehran.

Methods & Materials: Research was as descriptive-analytical and sectional design. Statistical Society of Research has included all elderly who were the members of senior association of Tehran city and are more than 60 years of age. Two-hundred (200) elderly from senior associations of Districts 1, 12 & 20 by simple random and cluster sampling were selsected. Research tools included were: Lypad Quality of Life Questioner, Social Participation questioner prepared by the researcher, and demographic information check list executed among the sample society. Information achieved was separately analyzed by Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Linear Regression, K-S, F & T Methods.

Results: Comparison of Quality of Life Average Score (P≥0.05) and Social Participation (P≥0.05) among the old men and women showed non-significant statistical difference, also correlation coefficient of “social participation” and “life quality” (r=0.778) showed a meaningful relationship between such variables. Also it was determined that 63 percent (R=0.63) of variance difference of life quality should be foreseen by the model of this research by using the regression.

Conclusion: The results of the research showed a meaningful relationship between “social participation” and its dimensions with quality of life of elderly. This implied that non institutional involvements were more common among aforementioned elderly.

Objectives: Nutritional status in the elderly is an important issue in developing countries has been little attention to it. It results from complex interaction between personal and environmental factors that have a considerable effect on mortality, morbidity and quality of life of elderly people especially the hospitalized ones. The aim of this study was to investigate nutritional status in elderly hospitalized patients in Qazvin Teaching Hospitals and know Influential factors to plan appropriate programs for improving their health.

Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study 233 elderly (151 women and 171 men) aging more than 60 years, hospitalized in two hospitals in Qazvin city were studied. Nutritional status were evaluated using Mini Nutritional Assessment, The nutritional status was classified into: malnourished, risk of malnutrition and without malnutrition (adequate).

Results: Among the assessed elderly 29.8% were well nourish, 13.4% malnourished and 42.95 at risk of malnutrition. There was more malnutrition in females compared to males (25.8% vs 7.2 P<0.001)BMI<19 than BMI>=23(62.5% vs. 12.6% P<0.001), Statistical analysis of the studied variables showed that nutritional status were significantly associated with Age, BMI, WC and WHR

Conclusion: This study confirms a high prevalence of malnutrition risk in hospitalized elderly patients. The assessment of nutritional status with MNA that can facilitate evaluation of the nutritional status of elderly individuals in hospitals

Objectives: Having considering to the rate of increasing of elder people population in Iran, is preadicted that in the next thirty years the number of elderly people who need to independently work with electronic devices such as ATMs machineswill be significantly increased while there is no sufficient studies in order to modification of these devices considering physical, mental and psychology abilities of the elder people.

Methods & Materials: This article is part of a qualitative study with cultural Probes Methodology to explore the needs and barriers and facilitators in the work ATMs. This study collected data through observation, interview and documentation participants respectively. This qualitative study was conducted in two stages. In the first phase interviewed with 30 elderly people in Tehran.In the second Phase according to cultural probes method we designed a package to extract the needs and problems associated with ATM. purposive sample of 10 elderly people in Tehran, 6 participants were female and 4 males. Interviews continued until data saturation, data Were coded and categorized by content analysis method.

Results: Six key factors required for the design of ATM data were extracted according to the Iranian people, that pleasant, unpleasant, wants and desires, problems and obstacles, banking and mishaps. that the classification of barriers and facilitating factors these factors were extracted for the elderly. The results showed a much higher barriers to Elderly people using ATMs in facilitating conditions are present.

Conclusion: According to the Iranian people using ATMs barrier is recommended to attention to ATMs in the the environment, nature and location of the installation, ATMs appear particularly relevant in the context of software that can be tailored to the elderly should be done. Finally, it is suggested that future studies in different groups of people, especially older people with disabilities and low literacy are doing.

Objectives: Relative and absolute reliability are psychometric properties of the test that many clinical decisions are based on them. In many cases, only relative reliability takes into consideration while the absolute reliability is also very important.

Methods & Materials: Eleven community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years and older (69.64±3.58) and 20 healthy young in the age range 20 to 35 years (28.80±4.15) using three versions of Timed Up and Go test were evaluated twice with an interval of 2 to 5 days.

Results: Generally, the non-homogeneity of the study population was stratified to increase the Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) this coefficient in elderly people is greater than young people and with a secondary task is reduced. In This study, absolute reliability indices using different data sources and equations lead to in more or less similar results. At general, in test–retest situations, the elderly more than the young people must be changed to be interpreted as a real change, not random. The random error contribution is slightly greater in elderly than young and with a secondary task is increased.It seems, heterogeneity leads to moderation in absolute reliability indices.

Conclusion: In relative reliability studies, researchers and clinicians should pay attention to factors such as homogeneity of population and etc. As well as, absolute reliability beside relative reliability is needed and necessary in clinical decision making.

Objectives: The aim of the present study is to examine the prediction of the reminiscence functions in older adults on the basis of the five personality factor model. 

Objectives: The aims of the present investigation was the evaluation of divided attention deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients by using dual-task paradigm in order to ascertain whether this method can be useful in the early diagnosis of AD or not. 

Objectives: Relative and absolute reliability are the important aspects of the test that many clinical decisions are based on them. in many cases, the only basis for the decision is relative reliability while the absolute reliability is also very important. This study aimed to measure and calculate the relative and absolute reliability of Sit To sand-5 repetition.

Methods and Materials: 11 community-dwelling older adults 65 years and older (69.64±3.58) and 20 healthy young in the age range 20 to 35 years (28.80±4.15) using Sit to Stand-5repetition were evaluated twice with an interval of 2 to 5 days.

Results: The "Minimal Detectable Changes" in seniors was 29.5 seconds and Youth 3.02 seconds and "Coefficient of Variation" were 27% and 19% respectively.

Conclusion: The results of this study showed in assessing progress during treatment sessions or judgment about progression or regression, elderly people must more change than young to consider change as a real change not accidentally .

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effect of exercise in and out of the water on the balance level and falling risk of healthy male older people.
Methods & Materials: A total of 45 old men, ≥65 years, were randomly selected and divided into 3 groups of exercising in the water, exercising out of the water, and control. Each group included 15 people. Two groups of exercising in and out of the water participated in the similar exercises for 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week, each session lasting 60 minutes.
Results: The findings of the study showed that exercise programs in and out of the water have significant effect on the static and dynamic balance and the falling risk of older people (P≤0.05). The results indicated significant differences between the subjects of exercise and control groups (P≤0.05) after the exercise program. However, the results did not show any significant differences between 2 groups exercising in and out of the water (P≥0.05).
Conclusion: According to this study, doing the exercises in or out of the water is effective on improving the static and dynamic balance of old people and reducing their risk of falling.

Objectives: This study was performed to evaluate convergent validity, test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the Persian translation of the Fullerton advanced balance (FAB) for use in Iranian community- dwelling older adults and improve the quality of their functional balance assessment.
Methods & Materials: The original scale was translated with forward-backward protocol. In the next step, using convenience sampling and inclusion criteria, 88 functionally independent older adults were selected to participate in the study. Their mean (SD) age was 67.15(5.79) years. The Persian version of the scale was administered to each participant twice with an interval of 2-4 days by the same examiner (occupational therapist). Convergent validity was assessed by correlating the scale with Berg balance scale, timed up and go test, and functional reach test.
Results: The test-retest reliability of individual items indicated good to excellent reliability (Cohen’s Kappa=0.63–1). Intraclass correlation coefficient was excellent (ICC=0.98), standard error of measurement was good (SEM=0.17), and minimal detectable change was 0.46. Construct validity showed moderate to good correlation between the Persian version of FAB and Berg balance scale (r=0.65), functional reach (r=0.62), and timed up and go test (r=-0.77). Internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach α=0.83-0.84) for both phases.
Conclusion: The Persian version of the FAB Scale is an acceptable and excellent psychometric instrument in assessing the multiple dimensions of balance in Iranian community-dwelling older adults.

Objectives: Elderly people are the most vulnerable group of the society and elder abuse phenomenon is one of the most considerable challenges in the field of protecting and caring the elders. The present study was conducted in order to determine domestic elder abuse in rural area of Dezful City, Iran, and its relation with their quality of life in 2013.
Methods & Materials: The present study is a correlational cross-sectional study. By cluster random sampling method, 210 elders, aged ≥60 years and resident of Dezful City, were selected to participate in the study. Those elders, who had no cognitive disorder based on Persian version of short test of cognitive status, were entered into the study after obtaining their consent. Afterwards, the questionnaire of family elder abuse; Persian version of SF-36 questionnaire for measuring life quality from health perspective; and also questionnaire of demographic and personal information were fulfilled for them. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square, and t-tests.
Results: Results of the present study indicated that 60.5% of studied sample experienced at least one type of abuse. Maximum prevalence of abuse was related to emotional negligence (38.6%) and minimum level to care negligence (7.3%). At the present study, group of elders without experience of abuse had significantly better life quality than others in all 8 aspects of life quality, except for 2 aspects of physical performance and general health (P<0.05).
Conclusion: In spite of high emphasis on respecting elders in our culture, the elders experience different types of abuse. Hence, specific consideration and inducing sensitivity in relevant organizations and individuals is required to prevent the long-term consequences and effects of this issue.

Objectives: With regard to increasing aging population in Iran, depression severely decreases the “quality of life” in this age group and successively seclusion and getting away from society and social activities will ensue. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between “quality of life” and depression among the retired older people. 
Methods & Materials:  This cross-sectional and correlational study included 200 retired elderly people who worked in Ahvaz Oil Industry, Iran using convenience sampling method. The data were collected by the quality of life questionnaire (SF-12) and depression questionnaire (GDS) and then analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA, and regression analysis using SPSS version 16. 
Results: It was found that the older people in the age range of 61–65 years had the highest frequency (46.5%) and the older people in the age ranges of 71–75 and 76–80 years had the lowest frequencies (0% and 5%, respectively). In this study, the mean (SD) age of the participants was 65 (4) years. The older people in different age groups expressed pretty similar “quality of life” and depression signs and symptoms, and there were no significant differences among them with respect to dependent variables (“quality of life” and depression) (P>0.05, F=1.57). In terms of education, the highest frequency was seen in the under diploma group (44%), and the lowest frequency was seen in the postgraduate group (1.5%). With regard to the history of internal diseases, the elderly with hypertension had the highest frequency (37%). The mean (SD) score of “quality of life” among the old subjects was 27.9 (6.4) and depression signs and symptoms was 4.35(4.2). There is a significant and negative relationship between depression and “quality of life” among the elderly (P<0.001). Moreover, the prediction of depression signs and symptoms is significant based on the dimensions of “quality of life” (physical and mental dimensions) (P<0.05, F=1.57). There were significant differences between normal elderly people and sick elderly people who suffered from diabetes, hypertension, or cancer with respect to “quality of life.” 
Conclusion: Our study results showed a significant relationship between depression and “quality of life” in the old age. Therefore, the relevant factors to the “quality of life” among the older people must be considered. The self-confidence in the elderly people can be increased by establishing peaceful relations, involving them in constructive activities, and by promoting hope for their future. Prevention and reducing the causes of depression a well as its treatment can improve the quality of life for the older people. 

Objectives: The study of spatial-temporal parameters and their changes in walking with dual tasks, symmetry in right and left legs functions as well as changes in these parameters have received scant attention from researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in spatial-temporal parameters of walking due to their simultaneous execution with cognitive dual-task in older people with impaired balance.
Methods & Materials: Thirty older adults with weak balance voluntarily participated in this study. The study subjects were selected through Berg and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) tests. The subjects who got scores lower than 52 in the Berg test were allowed to participate in the study. On the other hand, those who got scores lower than 23 in the MMSE test were excluded from the study. After subjects’ familiarity with the measurements and taking their informed consents, they walked 12 meters under 2 conditions; normal walking and walking with a cognitive dual-task. Spatial-temporal kinematic parameters were recorded by Vicon cameras. Then, by using the Polygon software, the variables of cadence, walking speed, step length, stride length, duration of step and stride, duration of stance and swing, time of single leg support and double leg support, separation of other leg, touching of other leg to the ground, and time of separation of fingers were calculated in terms of percentages of walking cycle. The obtained data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. 
Results: The results showed that among the examined parameters, the variables of cadence and walking speed during walking with dual-task were reduced significantly compared to normal walking. The duration of the step, stride, time of double support, time of single leg support, the time of standing and swing in walking along with dual-task compared to normal walking showed a significant reduction (P<0.05). Asymmetry index in walking with dual-task compared to normal walking showed a significant increase in parameters of cadence, duration of step and stride; however, the changes in other parameters were not significant. The findings showed that the changes in stepping parameters from one step to the next one in walking with dual-task compared to normal walking had no significant changes. 
Conclusion: The results showed that the duration of double reliance and stance increase when walking with dual task than when normal walking. Therefore, in the elderly with poor balance, doing dual-task with walking could increase the risk of fall. With regard to increase in asymmetry in walking with dual-task, it seems that mutual harmony and symmetry is very sensitive to concurrent cognitive task. This asymmetry in the function of legs is considered a risk factor in falling. Thus, based on the results, walking of the elderly with poor balance needs better cognitive performance. Doing concurrent cognitive tasks could intervene with attention sources and consequently change the walking pattern. Therefore, we recommend that the older people with weak balance and prone to falling should refrain from cognitive dual-task during walking and focus on walking itself.   

Objectives: The eye refractive errors, including myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, are the most important visual impairments worldwide. Based on the existing evidence suggests, the visual impairment could contribute to falling in the elderly. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the influence of vision impairment of older adults with eye refractive errors on the occurrence of falls and postural control.
Methods & Materials: The older people referred to the health center of the 9th district of Tehran municipality for ophthalmic examination were examined (using ophthalmoscope and Snellen chart) by skilled ophthalmologists. Then, certain information such as their age, sex, history of special eye disease or operation, history of fall during the last 12 months, etc. was gathered through questionnaires from the older people who accepted to participate in this study after giving their informed consents. Based on eye screening results, 77 older adults with refractive errors of hyperopia (n=19, mean [SD] age=67 [5.85] y); astigmatism (n=22, mean [SD] age=70.32 [5.60] y); and both hyperopia and astigmatism (n=36, mean [SD] age=69.78 [7.69] y), as well as 23 older healthy adults, mean (SD) age=70.29(5.29) y, without any obvious eye disorders were enrolled in this study. Their history of falls and postural control were evaluated. The postural control was determined using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. The statistical tests were analysis of variance (ANOVA) for comparing the groups with regard to postural control and the Chi-square test for comparing the prevalence of falls between groups with refractive errors and the healthy group.
Results: The studied subjects comprised 23% (n=23) healthy ones, 19% (n=19) people with hyperopia, 22% (n=22) people with astigmatism, and 36% (n=36) people with both hyperopia and astigmatism. About 70% of them were women, and 30% were men. The results of our study showed that 15.8% of study participants with normal vision, 26.1% with hyperopia, 22.7% with astigmatism, and 38.9% with both hyperopia and astigmatism had experienced at least 2 falls in the past 12 months. The people with refractive errors showed a higher prevalence of falls; however, the result of the Chi-square test did not reveal any significant differences among these groups (P=0.25). Furthermore, the results of ANOVA for comparing TUG test (test of postural control) results showed no differences among these groups (P=0.64).
Conclusion: Vision impairment of older adults due to refractive error is not associated with an increase in falls. Furthermore, TUG test results did not show balance disorders in these groups. Further research, such as assessment of postural control with advanced devices and considering other falling risk factors is also needed to identify the predictors of falls in older adults with eye refractive errors.