Objectives: To investigate association between Polypharmacy and socio-demographic factors (including age, sex, education, and smoking) between the elderly residents of Kahrizak Charity Foundation (KCF).

Methods & Materials: In a descriptive analytic cross-sectional study, 237 (134 female) elderly residents of KCF, aged 60 and more, included trough randomized cluster sampling, were studied for the number of medications used and the association between polypharmacy (concurrent use of 5 or more medications) and socio-demographic factors, including age, sex, education, and smoking.

Results: The mean number of medications used by any resident and the prevalence of polypharmacy were 5.1(±3.22) and 52.3% respectively. Compared with the 60-69 age group, the odds of polypharmacy, insignificantly increased in 70-79 age group (OR=1.09, 95%CI: 0.53-2.25) and decreased in 80 and more age group (OR=0.68, 95%CI: 1.24-0.37). The prevalence and odds of polypharmacy were insignificantly lower in men (OR=0.68, 95% CI 0.37-1.24) and significantly lower in smokers (OR=0.36, 95% CI 0.79-0.17). There was a significant direct association between polypharmacy and more formal education years (OR=1.09, 95%CI: 1.18-1.01).

Conclusion: The mean number of medications for any resident and the prevalence of polypharmacy were high in KCF. Increase in years of official education and non-smoking were risk factors of polypharmacy in this population. There was no significant association between age and sex with polypharmacy. The future well-designed national studies among older people living in nursing homes are highly suggested.

Objectives: Elderly people with knee Osteoarthritis are more likely to become disabled than others. The aim of the present study was to explore the association between two treatments and pain severity in women aged 50-75 who suffered from knee Osteoarthritis.

Methods & Materials: A total of 40 women with knee Osteoarthritis were randomized into two groups: to either received common treatment or received common treatment accompanied by knee traction. Participants were followed up for 10 times. Due to missing data, the multiple-imputation-based generalized estimating equations (MI-GEE) method was used to estimate the odds of a pain as a function of the treatment groups adjusted for age and body mass index. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Data were analyzed by SPSS and SAS version 9.1.

Results: Using common treatment as the reference group, the pain odds ratios was .28 (95%CI: 0.12-0.65) for common treatment accompanied by knee traction group.

Conclusion: The pain was found to be lower among patients treated with common treatment accompanied by knee traction than patients treated with common treatment.

Objectives: Anomia is one of the most common problems that aphasic patients and therapists are involved with it. Because of the disruptive effect of anomia on communicative efficiency of aphasic patients, this study aimed at examining the effect of errorless naming treatment on naming ability in an aphasic patient.

Methods & Materials: The subject was selected using purposeful sampling method. This interventional single-subject study with ABA design was implemented on a 69-year-old woman with moderate Broca’s aphasia and phonological errors. The participant was a literate, right-handed Persian speaking patient with neither severe motor speech disorder nor significant auditory comprehension deficits. The patient underwent 10 sessions of treatment using errorless naming treatment protocol (Raymer et al., 2012). Based on this method, the patient was given multiple opportunities to rehearse the correct name of a picture supported by repetition and oral reading, while avoiding production of errors during training.

Results: The effect size in confrontational naming task after intervention in this patient for trained and control words were 5.42 and 2.38, respectively. The linear trend line of correct responses percentage of trained and control words were 7.6 and 4.15, respectively. Improvements in the trained and control word sets remained at a higher level than baseline, one week later. Also improvements in Persian WAB and naming tests were noticed in posttreatment period.

Conclusion: As a result of errorless naming treatment in the current study, the patient showed significant improvements in naming of trained words but generalization was not noticeable for control words. Based on this finding, this method might be useful as a therapeutic protocol in Persian speaking aphasic patients with anomia.

Objectives The relationship between grandparents and grandchildren is an important and sensitive issue. Exploring grandchild’s experiences can demonstrate and throw light on the relationship of two generations and form the basis of familial interactions. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the viewpoint and experience of college students about living with their grandfathers and grandmothers.
Methods & Materials In this qualitative study, 50 college students were selected via purposeful sampling method. The students were interviewed to find answers about their viewpoint and experience of living with grandparents. All the interviews were conducted in scripted form; Then the data were coded and analyzed with content analysis method.
Results Content analysis showed dichotomy in sense of students about grandfathers and grandmothers. Two main themes were obtained “kindness and compassion” and “annoyance and offense”. Subthemes of “kindness and compassion” were “spiritualty”, “patient,” and “unsparing love”. Subthemes of “annoyance and offense “were “familial prejudice,” “interfere in works,” and “gripe.” 
Conclusion This experience was instructive for students. It was important that parents behave as the connecting path for this two generation and shape personality of this generation.

Objectives Spiritual health is one of the significant dimensions of health. It plays an important role in the health of older people and brings aims and meanings to their lives. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between life meaning and spiritual health of elderly people.
Methods & Materials In this descriptive-analytic study, 204 elderly people living in nursing homes of Shemiranat in 2014 were selected by convenient sampling. Information was collected through Polotzin and Elison's spiritual Well-Being Questionnaires. SPSS software, Pearson correlation coefficient, and t-independent tests were used to analyze the data. 
Results The mean scores of spiritual health and life meaning were 72.96±12.65 and 53.03±3.93, respectively. There were positive and significant relationships between overall spiritual health and life meaning (P<0.05; r=0.31), existential health and life meaning (P<0.05; r=0.16), and religious health and life meaning (P<0.05; r=0.15). There was also a significant relationship between education and life meaning (P<0.05; r=0.12).
Conclusion Research on factors associated with the meaning of life and effective interventions to raise it in older adults is recommended.

Objectives The present study determined the correlation of self-concept and self-efficacy with self-management among elderly in the sanatoriums in Tehran in2015.
Methods & Materials This descriptive-analytic research, conducted in a cross-sectional study, enrolled 217 elderlies from the sanatoriums of Tehran in 2015 via a simple random sampling method. Three tools including Rogers self-concept scale, general self-efficacy scale (GSE-10), and self-management ability scale  (SMAS-30) were utilized to measure the variables. After sampling and gathering the questionnaires, collected data were entered into SPSS and analyzed using the analytical tests such as Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Pearson’s test, and regression.
Results The mean of self-concept, self-efficacy, and self-management were 8.25±1.47, 17.68±4.00, and 59.69±11.59 , respectively. Other findings indicated significant relationships of self-concept and self-efficacy with self-management (P<0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that self-concept and self-efficacy could predict about 14% of self-management.
Conclusion The elderly in the sanatoriums of Tehran had a low self-concept, self-efficacy, and self-management. Thus, it could be concluded that by improving the self-concept and self-efficacy of elderly, we might witness an increase in self-management.