Objectives: Awareness of elderly patients' experiences of myocardial infarction can assist to identify their need, problems, as well as promote their quality of lives. However, there is a little information about how elderly people experience myocardial infarction. This study aimed to explore elderly patients experience with myocardial infarction and their coping strategies.

Methods & Materials: This paper is a part of a larger grounded theory. Eight old age patients (65+ years) with first time myocardial were interviewed as purposeful and theoretical sampling. Semi-structure interviews were used for data collection. Data collection and analysis were simultaneously conducted using Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory approach. The trustworthiness of data is confirmed through Lincoln and Guba' s criteria.

Results: Elderly patient's experiences of myocardial infarction were categorized as two main themes include: living in the shadow of fear, live with limitation, and their coping strategies namely as return to active life. Living in the shadow of fear is consisted of sub themes named fear of death/reinforcing, fear of physical inability, and fear of dependency on others. Live with limitation composed of feeling of physical incapacity, bodily symptoms, and adherence of medical regimen/family. Return to active life includes positive thinking and self-reliance.

Conclusions: Elderly people with first time myocardial infarction experience severe stresses and more limitations due to suddenly threatening their lives and health. Adopting positive coping strategies could facilitate return to normal life and promote their quality of life.

Objectives: The eye refractive errors, including myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, are the most important visual impairments worldwide. Based on the existing evidence suggests, the visual impairment could contribute to falling in the elderly. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the influence of vision impairment of older adults with eye refractive errors on the occurrence of falls and postural control.
Methods & Materials: The older people referred to the health center of the 9th district of Tehran municipality for ophthalmic examination were examined (using ophthalmoscope and Snellen chart) by skilled ophthalmologists. Then, certain information such as their age, sex, history of special eye disease or operation, history of fall during the last 12 months, etc. was gathered through questionnaires from the older people who accepted to participate in this study after giving their informed consents. Based on eye screening results, 77 older adults with refractive errors of hyperopia (n=19, mean [SD] age=67 [5.85] y); astigmatism (n=22, mean [SD] age=70.32 [5.60] y); and both hyperopia and astigmatism (n=36, mean [SD] age=69.78 [7.69] y), as well as 23 older healthy adults, mean (SD) age=70.29(5.29) y, without any obvious eye disorders were enrolled in this study. Their history of falls and postural control were evaluated. The postural control was determined using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. The statistical tests were analysis of variance (ANOVA) for comparing the groups with regard to postural control and the Chi-square test for comparing the prevalence of falls between groups with refractive errors and the healthy group.
Results: The studied subjects comprised 23% (n=23) healthy ones, 19% (n=19) people with hyperopia, 22% (n=22) people with astigmatism, and 36% (n=36) people with both hyperopia and astigmatism. About 70% of them were women, and 30% were men. The results of our study showed that 15.8% of study participants with normal vision, 26.1% with hyperopia, 22.7% with astigmatism, and 38.9% with both hyperopia and astigmatism had experienced at least 2 falls in the past 12 months. The people with refractive errors showed a higher prevalence of falls; however, the result of the Chi-square test did not reveal any significant differences among these groups (P=0.25). Furthermore, the results of ANOVA for comparing TUG test (test of postural control) results showed no differences among these groups (P=0.64).
Conclusion: Vision impairment of older adults due to refractive error is not associated with an increase in falls. Furthermore, TUG test results did not show balance disorders in these groups. Further research, such as assessment of postural control with advanced devices and considering other falling risk factors is also needed to identify the predictors of falls in older adults with eye refractive errors.