Volume 15, Issue 2 (Summer 2020)
Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing 2020, 15(2): 188-199 |
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Taheri M, Irandoust K. The Relationship Between Sleep Quality and Lifestyle of the Elderly. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing 2020; 15 (2) :188-199
URL: http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1594-en.html
URL: http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1594-en.html
1- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. , m.taheri@soc.ikiu.ac.ir
2- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.
2- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.
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4. Discussion
The current study investigated the relationship between sleep quality and lifestyle in the elderly with an emphasis on physical activity. The present study results indicated a significant relationship between an active lifestyle and sleep patterns. Averagely, 21% of the research participants had a vigorous continuous physical activity for 20 minutes per day; 33% reported moderate continuous physical activity for 96 minutes, and 45% of them had a low-intensity physical activity for 124 minutes daily for a week.
Evidence suggests the effectiveness of unorganized physical activity on sleep behavior in the elderly. However, it is undiscovered whether this applies to older people with severe sleep disorders. Conducting empirical studies as well as a larger sample size can probably be effective and help professionals better improve the quality of life of the elderly. The obtained data concerning the effect of physical activity on the quality of sleep in the elderly were in line with previous studies suggesting that less exercise causes sleep disorders [16, 17]. A study highlighted that low-quality sleep (poor sleep) predicts low levels of physical activity in the next 2-7 years [18].
In this regard, performing cohort investigations and implementing effective training protocols over long periods are recommended. The distinction between the present study and the above-mentioned research is employing an ethnographic methodology (instead of the Pittsburgh questionnaire) as well as exploring daily physical activity (instead of specific exercise protocols).
In general, any intervention that involves the elderly in physical activity will enhance their sleep function. The present study findings revealed that lifestyle, in terms of physical activity, has a significant relationship with sleep behavior in the elderly; thus, this issue should be considered by health policymakers concerning knowledge transfer to this community. Accordingly, a suitable platform could be developed to enhance the performance of the elderly in these areas.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All ethical principles were considered in this article. The participants were informed about the purpose of the research and its implementation stages; they were also assured about the confidentiality of their information; Moreover, They were allowed to leave the study whenever they wish, and if desired, the results of the research would be available to them.
Funding
This research project was conducted with the financial support of Imam Khomeini International University (11821).
Authors' contributions
All authors equally contributed in preparing this article.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
References
Amini M, Mirmoezzi M, Salmanpour M, Khorshidi D. Eight weeks of aerobic exercises improves the quality of life in healthy aged sedentary men. International Journal of Sport Studies for Health. 2018; 1(1):e67514. [DOI:10.5812/intjssh.67514]
Al-Nimer MSM, Al-Gareeb AI, Al-Kuraishy HM. Omega-3 fatty acids improve psychomotor performance via mechanism not related to nitric acid production. International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 2012; 6(1):1-4. [DOI:10.4103/0973-8258.97102]
Addae-Dapaah K, Juan QS. Life satisfaction among elderly households in public rental housing in Singapore. Health. 2014; 6(10):1057-76. [DOI:10.4236/health.2014.610132]
Spirduso WW, Cronin DL. Exercise dose-response effects on quality of life and independent living in older adults.Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2001; 33(6):S598-608. [DOI:10.1097/00005768-200106001-00028] [PMID]
Taheri M, Irandoust K. The exercise-induced weight loss improves self-reported quality of sleep in obese elderly women with sleep disorders. Sleep and Hypnosis: A Journal of Clinical Neuroscience and Psychopathology. 2018; 20(1):54-9. [DOI:10.5350/Sleep.Hypn.2017.19.0134]
Taheri M, Arabameri E. The effect of sleep deprivation on choice reaction time and anaerobic power of college student athletes. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. 2012; 3(1):15-20. [DOI:10.5812/asjsm.34719] [PMID] [PMCID]
During E, Kawai M. The functions of sleep and the effects of sleep deprivation. In: Miglis M, editor. Sleep and Neurologic Disease. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2017. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-804074-4.00003-0]
Cotroneo A, Gareri P, Lacava R, Cabodi S. Use of zolpidem in over 75-year-old patients with sleep disorders and comorbidities. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Supplement. 2004; 38(9):93-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2004.04.015] [PMID]
Irandoust K, Taheri M. The effect of strength training on quality of sleep and psychomotor performance in elderly males. Sleep and Hypnosis: A Journal of Clinical Neuroscience and Psychopathology. 2018; 20(3):160-5. [DOI:10.5350/Sleep.Hypn.2017.19.0148]
Monleon C, Hemmati Afif A, Mahdavi S, Rezaei M. The acute effect of low intensity aerobic exercise on psychomotor performance of athletes with nocturnal sleep deprivation. International Journal of Sport Studies for Health. 2018; 1(1):e66783. [DOI:10.5812/intjssh.66783]
Chen LJ, Fox KR, Ku PW, Chang YW. Effects of aquatic exercise on sleep in older adults with mild sleep impairment: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2016; 23(4):501-6. [DOI:10.1007/s12529-015-9492-0] [PMID]
Matsudo V, Matsudo S, Andrade D, Araujo T, Andrade E, de Oliveira LC, et al. Promotion of physical activity in a developing country: The Agita Sao Paulo experience. Public Health Nutrition. 2002; 5(1A):253-61. [DOI:10.1079/PHN2001301] [PMID]
Beck AT, Steer RA, Carbin MG. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review. 1988; 8(1):77-100. [DOI:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5]
Belanger ME, Bernier A, Paquet J, Simard V, Carrier J. Validating actigraphy as a measure of sleep for preschool children. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2013; 9(7):701-6. [DOI:10.5664/jcsm.2844] [PMID] [PMCID]
Paquet J, Kawinska A, Carrier J. Wake detection capacity of actigraphy during sleep. Sleep. 2007; 30(10):1362-9. [DOI:10.1093/sleep/30.10.1362] [PMID] [PMCID]
Strand LB, Laugsand LE, Wisloff U, Nes BM, Vatten L, Janszky I. Insomnia symptoms and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy individuals: The Nord-Trondelag health study (HUNT). Sleep. 2013; 36(1):99-108. [DOI:10.5665/sleep.2310] [PMID] [PMCID]
Dollander M. Etiology of adult insomnia. L’Encephale. 2002; 28(6 Pt 1):493-502.
Haario P, Rahkonen O, Laaksonen M, Lahelma E, Lallukka T. Bidirectional associations between insomnia symptoms and unhealthy behaviours. Journal of Sleep Research. 2013; 22(1):89-95. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2012.01043.x] [PMID]
Full-Text: (4935 Views)
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
The increase in the elderly population and its consequence costs in different societies has consistently been considered in recent decades [1, 2]. The growing population of the elderly around the world is referred to as the graying population or forced aging [3]. Thus, it is necessary to allocate a major part of the health resources of any society to the elderly. The consequences of this age group have been repeatedly supported in various studies in the form of deteriorating alternations in the physiological, cognitive, and psychomotor functions of the elderly. Accordingly, motor disorders and psychological issues are among the factors that cause various behavioral problems, including sleep disorders in the elderly. The process of aging and approaches to living healthy in this period are presented through relief from the disease, being active, and developing physical and biopsychological skills [4].
Sleep is a physiological behavior, i.e. part of the daily life of each individual. Sleep is an appropriate process to recover, renew, and restore the function of the nervous and physiological systems of the body. Sleep can also affect the biological clock. The biological clock is the part of the brain that regulates rhythmic and vital functions, such as blood pressure, heart rate, and hormone secretion [5]. Prior research suggests that sleep disorders are the third most frequent problem in the elderly after headaches and gastrointestinal conditions. In this regard, behavioral disorders occurring during sleep, such as frequent waking up during the night, waking up early, snoring, and decreased sleep hours have been reported in the elderly [8].
Proper physical activity and fostering an appropriate sleep-wake pattern are among the characteristics that can lead to successful aging. Sleep disorders and reduced sleep duration are prevalent issues in the elderly. They also encounter reduced physical activity. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep quality and physical activity and the quality of life in the elderly. The obtained data could provide effective solutions in this aspect.
2. Methods & Materials
Given the nature of the subject and the intended objectives, this was a descriptive-analytical research, i.e. conducted cross-sectionally in 2018 in Qazvin City, Iran. The statistical population of the study included all the elderly women who had referred to the Sports and Health Counseling Center of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of Qazvin Province for sports counseling.
In total, 147 elderly women aged 70-60 years were selected by convenience sampling approach. Considering that the elderly present different gender-wise sleep behaviors, depression and physical activity level were selected as the inclusion criteria for controlling these factors. Moreover, the final number of individuals whose data were analyzed equaled 130 subjects.
3. Results
The results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test indicated that the data had a normal distribution (P≤0.05). The general data of the study participants are presented in Table 1. As per Table 2, the distribution of the data related to micronutrient intake and daily calorie intake of the research subjects was normal (P≥0.05).
1. Introduction
The increase in the elderly population and its consequence costs in different societies has consistently been considered in recent decades [1, 2]. The growing population of the elderly around the world is referred to as the graying population or forced aging [3]. Thus, it is necessary to allocate a major part of the health resources of any society to the elderly. The consequences of this age group have been repeatedly supported in various studies in the form of deteriorating alternations in the physiological, cognitive, and psychomotor functions of the elderly. Accordingly, motor disorders and psychological issues are among the factors that cause various behavioral problems, including sleep disorders in the elderly. The process of aging and approaches to living healthy in this period are presented through relief from the disease, being active, and developing physical and biopsychological skills [4].
Sleep is a physiological behavior, i.e. part of the daily life of each individual. Sleep is an appropriate process to recover, renew, and restore the function of the nervous and physiological systems of the body. Sleep can also affect the biological clock. The biological clock is the part of the brain that regulates rhythmic and vital functions, such as blood pressure, heart rate, and hormone secretion [5]. Prior research suggests that sleep disorders are the third most frequent problem in the elderly after headaches and gastrointestinal conditions. In this regard, behavioral disorders occurring during sleep, such as frequent waking up during the night, waking up early, snoring, and decreased sleep hours have been reported in the elderly [8].
Proper physical activity and fostering an appropriate sleep-wake pattern are among the characteristics that can lead to successful aging. Sleep disorders and reduced sleep duration are prevalent issues in the elderly. They also encounter reduced physical activity. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep quality and physical activity and the quality of life in the elderly. The obtained data could provide effective solutions in this aspect.
2. Methods & Materials
Given the nature of the subject and the intended objectives, this was a descriptive-analytical research, i.e. conducted cross-sectionally in 2018 in Qazvin City, Iran. The statistical population of the study included all the elderly women who had referred to the Sports and Health Counseling Center of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of Qazvin Province for sports counseling.
In total, 147 elderly women aged 70-60 years were selected by convenience sampling approach. Considering that the elderly present different gender-wise sleep behaviors, depression and physical activity level were selected as the inclusion criteria for controlling these factors. Moreover, the final number of individuals whose data were analyzed equaled 130 subjects.
3. Results
The results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test indicated that the data had a normal distribution (P≤0.05). The general data of the study participants are presented in Table 1. As per Table 2, the distribution of the data related to micronutrient intake and daily calorie intake of the research subjects was normal (P≥0.05).
According to Table 3, there was a significant relationship between physical activity and sleep duration (P=0.043), waking phases (P=0.038), actual sleep (P=0.003), and time spent in bed (P=0.035).
4. Discussion
The current study investigated the relationship between sleep quality and lifestyle in the elderly with an emphasis on physical activity. The present study results indicated a significant relationship between an active lifestyle and sleep patterns. Averagely, 21% of the research participants had a vigorous continuous physical activity for 20 minutes per day; 33% reported moderate continuous physical activity for 96 minutes, and 45% of them had a low-intensity physical activity for 124 minutes daily for a week.
Evidence suggests the effectiveness of unorganized physical activity on sleep behavior in the elderly. However, it is undiscovered whether this applies to older people with severe sleep disorders. Conducting empirical studies as well as a larger sample size can probably be effective and help professionals better improve the quality of life of the elderly. The obtained data concerning the effect of physical activity on the quality of sleep in the elderly were in line with previous studies suggesting that less exercise causes sleep disorders [16, 17]. A study highlighted that low-quality sleep (poor sleep) predicts low levels of physical activity in the next 2-7 years [18].
In this regard, performing cohort investigations and implementing effective training protocols over long periods are recommended. The distinction between the present study and the above-mentioned research is employing an ethnographic methodology (instead of the Pittsburgh questionnaire) as well as exploring daily physical activity (instead of specific exercise protocols).
In general, any intervention that involves the elderly in physical activity will enhance their sleep function. The present study findings revealed that lifestyle, in terms of physical activity, has a significant relationship with sleep behavior in the elderly; thus, this issue should be considered by health policymakers concerning knowledge transfer to this community. Accordingly, a suitable platform could be developed to enhance the performance of the elderly in these areas.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All ethical principles were considered in this article. The participants were informed about the purpose of the research and its implementation stages; they were also assured about the confidentiality of their information; Moreover, They were allowed to leave the study whenever they wish, and if desired, the results of the research would be available to them.
Funding
This research project was conducted with the financial support of Imam Khomeini International University (11821).
Authors' contributions
All authors equally contributed in preparing this article.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
References
Amini M, Mirmoezzi M, Salmanpour M, Khorshidi D. Eight weeks of aerobic exercises improves the quality of life in healthy aged sedentary men. International Journal of Sport Studies for Health. 2018; 1(1):e67514. [DOI:10.5812/intjssh.67514]
Al-Nimer MSM, Al-Gareeb AI, Al-Kuraishy HM. Omega-3 fatty acids improve psychomotor performance via mechanism not related to nitric acid production. International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 2012; 6(1):1-4. [DOI:10.4103/0973-8258.97102]
Addae-Dapaah K, Juan QS. Life satisfaction among elderly households in public rental housing in Singapore. Health. 2014; 6(10):1057-76. [DOI:10.4236/health.2014.610132]
Spirduso WW, Cronin DL. Exercise dose-response effects on quality of life and independent living in older adults.Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2001; 33(6):S598-608. [DOI:10.1097/00005768-200106001-00028] [PMID]
Taheri M, Irandoust K. The exercise-induced weight loss improves self-reported quality of sleep in obese elderly women with sleep disorders. Sleep and Hypnosis: A Journal of Clinical Neuroscience and Psychopathology. 2018; 20(1):54-9. [DOI:10.5350/Sleep.Hypn.2017.19.0134]
Taheri M, Arabameri E. The effect of sleep deprivation on choice reaction time and anaerobic power of college student athletes. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. 2012; 3(1):15-20. [DOI:10.5812/asjsm.34719] [PMID] [PMCID]
During E, Kawai M. The functions of sleep and the effects of sleep deprivation. In: Miglis M, editor. Sleep and Neurologic Disease. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2017. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-804074-4.00003-0]
Cotroneo A, Gareri P, Lacava R, Cabodi S. Use of zolpidem in over 75-year-old patients with sleep disorders and comorbidities. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Supplement. 2004; 38(9):93-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2004.04.015] [PMID]
Irandoust K, Taheri M. The effect of strength training on quality of sleep and psychomotor performance in elderly males. Sleep and Hypnosis: A Journal of Clinical Neuroscience and Psychopathology. 2018; 20(3):160-5. [DOI:10.5350/Sleep.Hypn.2017.19.0148]
Monleon C, Hemmati Afif A, Mahdavi S, Rezaei M. The acute effect of low intensity aerobic exercise on psychomotor performance of athletes with nocturnal sleep deprivation. International Journal of Sport Studies for Health. 2018; 1(1):e66783. [DOI:10.5812/intjssh.66783]
Chen LJ, Fox KR, Ku PW, Chang YW. Effects of aquatic exercise on sleep in older adults with mild sleep impairment: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2016; 23(4):501-6. [DOI:10.1007/s12529-015-9492-0] [PMID]
Matsudo V, Matsudo S, Andrade D, Araujo T, Andrade E, de Oliveira LC, et al. Promotion of physical activity in a developing country: The Agita Sao Paulo experience. Public Health Nutrition. 2002; 5(1A):253-61. [DOI:10.1079/PHN2001301] [PMID]
Beck AT, Steer RA, Carbin MG. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review. 1988; 8(1):77-100. [DOI:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5]
Belanger ME, Bernier A, Paquet J, Simard V, Carrier J. Validating actigraphy as a measure of sleep for preschool children. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2013; 9(7):701-6. [DOI:10.5664/jcsm.2844] [PMID] [PMCID]
Paquet J, Kawinska A, Carrier J. Wake detection capacity of actigraphy during sleep. Sleep. 2007; 30(10):1362-9. [DOI:10.1093/sleep/30.10.1362] [PMID] [PMCID]
Strand LB, Laugsand LE, Wisloff U, Nes BM, Vatten L, Janszky I. Insomnia symptoms and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy individuals: The Nord-Trondelag health study (HUNT). Sleep. 2013; 36(1):99-108. [DOI:10.5665/sleep.2310] [PMID] [PMCID]
Dollander M. Etiology of adult insomnia. L’Encephale. 2002; 28(6 Pt 1):493-502.
Haario P, Rahkonen O, Laaksonen M, Lahelma E, Lallukka T. Bidirectional associations between insomnia symptoms and unhealthy behaviours. Journal of Sleep Research. 2013; 22(1):89-95. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2012.01043.x] [PMID]
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Geriatric
Received: 2018/07/21 | Accepted: 2018/10/06 | Published: 2020/07/01
Received: 2018/07/21 | Accepted: 2018/10/06 | Published: 2020/07/01
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