Introduction
Aging is a natural biological process that can negatively impact the function of various organs in the body. Physiological changes associated with aging lead to varied responses to various therapeutic interventions. However, numerous studies in the field of aging have shown that the central nervous system is the primary target of pathological processes in aging, which in turn affects other organs of the body [1]. In this regard, many pharmacological and therapeutic interventions have been investigated, among which various types of exercise have recently been used as a non-invasive and effective solution in the prevention and treatment of neurological disorders in old age [5]. However, the effect of various types of exercise on improving brain function in the elderly has not been well studied to identify the best type. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of various exercises on neurological disorders in older adults.

Methods & Materials
This is a scoping review study using the five-step model proposed by Arksey and O’Malley [7]. Step 1 included defining the research question: What are the effects of exercise on the brain function in aged people? The next step was the identification of relevant studies. Therefore, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for studies on aging, the relationship between aging and brain function, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and the effect of various types of exercise on nervous system function. These databases were searched using the keywords: aging, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, stroke, and exercise. The third step involved selecting studies that met the inclusion criteria.
The titles and abstracts of the articles were screened. All relevant articles published from between 2005 to 2024 in English, and were generally about the effect of aging on the brain, as well as the effect of various types of exercise on the inhibition and improvement of brain pathological factors in old age were selected. The next step was data synthesis and summarization. The final step involved reporting the results.

Results
The findings showed that exercise plays an important role in preventing and improving brain disorders in the elderly. These exercises have diverse effects on nerve cells and cognitive functions, depending on the type, intensity, and degree of involvement in the central nervous system. Resistance training helps prevent cognitive decline by increasing muscle strength, bone density, and improving neuromuscular communication. Also, by increasing levels of neurotrophic proteins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), it facilitates improved memory and learning [35]. Continuous training, especially high-intensity interval training (HIIT), has positive effects on cognitive function, such as concentration and memory, by strengthening the cardiovascular system and increasing oxygen supply to the brain. It also reduces the risk of developing neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s by increasing factors related to neurogenesis, reducing neuroinflammation, and improving insulin resistance [32]. 
Cognitive exercises, which directly stimulate different parts of the brain, such as mental games and activities that require complex mental engagement, are effective in improving cognitive abilities, including memory and decision-making. Combined cognitive-motor exercises that require simultaneous engagement of the mind and body, such as activities that involve both motor coordination and cognitive challenges, have comprehensive effects on improving cognitive and motor functions by stimulating different physiological pathways. Finally, based on the findings, it was determined that combined exercises that engage multiple physiological pathways simultaneously have more complete effects on the brain health of the elderly than single exercises, and designing diverse and combined exercise programs can play an effective role in preventing cognitive decline and improving the quality of life of the elderly.

Conclusion
Evidence suggests that each type of exercise can help prevent or inhibit brain diseases by targeting specific physiological pathways. Exercises, especially HIIT, can increase the secretion of BDNF and prevent nerve cell degeneration through processes such as neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and inhibition of apoptosis. However, one of the main limitations in this field is the lack of comprehensive studies focusing on comparing the effects of physical, cognitive, and combined (physical+cognitive) exercises in the elderly population with a variety of neurological diseases. This gap limits a more complete understanding of the effects and mechanisms associated with each type of exercise. Therefore, it is recommended that future research focus on more closely examining these types of exercise in the elderly and their impact on neurological disorders. The goal of these studies should be to identify the best exercise methods for older people and elderly care centers to help improve the quality of life of this elderly population.

Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
This is a review study with no experiments on human or animal samples. Therefore, the need for ethical approval was waived

Funding
This article was extracted from the doctoral dissertation of Moein Fasihian. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for profit sectors.

Authors' contributions
All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study, data collection and analysis, interpretation of the results, and drafting of the manuscript. Each author approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.

Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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