Volume 13, Issue 1 (4-2018)                   Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing 2018, 13(1): 74-85 | Back to browse issues page

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Mohammadi R, Fathei M, Hejazi K. Effect of Eight-Weeks Aerobic Training on Serum Levels of Nitric Oxide and Endothelin-1 in Overweight Elderly Men . Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing 2018; 13 (1) :74-85
URL: http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1323-en.html
Effect of Eight-Weeks Aerobic Training on Serum Levels of Nitric Oxide and Endothelin-1 in Overweight Elderly Men
Reza Mohammadi1 , Mehrdad Fathei * 2, Keyvan Hejazi3
1- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran.
2- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. , mfathei@um.ac.ir
3- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Toos Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran.
Keywords: High-intensity interval aerobic training, Overweight elderly men, Endothelin-1
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Extended Abstract
1. Objective 
ardiovascular diseases are an important factor in mortality and impose a significant financial burden on the health system [1]. These diseases mainly originate from inflammation; therefore, vascular stimulation and their injuries, as a result of consuming some substances, can directly increase the sensitivity of vascular endothelial cells such as endothelin-1 and nitric oxide [2]. In this field, secondary prevention measures including changes in lifestyle and performing various physical activities can improve health and cardiovascular fitness of the people. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on the levels of certain cardiovascular risk factors in overweight elderly men. 
2. Methods and Materials
In this quasi-experimental study, 24 overweight elderly men were selected by available and targeted methods and randomly divided into two groups of experimental (12 subjects) and control (12 subjects). The age range of patients was 73.5±3.34 years in the aerobic training group and 71.33±3.44 years in the control group. The body mass index (BMI) of the selected participants was 25 to 30 kg/m2. In this study, the experimental group performed aerobic exercises while the control group continued their inactive way of life. The aerobic exercise program included three sessions of 45-60 minutes per week for eight weeks. The intensity of sessions was gradually increased to 90 to 95 percent of the stored maximum heart rate. The blood samples were collected 48 hours before starting the exercises and 48 hours after the last training session in order to measure endothelin-1 and serum nitric oxide. To determine endothelin-1 levels, the ELISA method and Kazabuyu Kit, made in Japan, were used. Also, the levels of serum nitric oxide were measured using the Zebra Kit, made in Germany. Impedance bioelectric device was used to estimate body composition. Using SPSS software16,the intra-group and inter-group means were compared by the statistical methods of dependent t-student and covariance analysis (MANOVA). The results were tested at the significance level of P<0.05. The present paper is based on the master thesis of Mr. Reza Mohammadi registered under code 44485214 at the meeting of the Department of Sports Sciences of Azad University of Bojnord. 
3. Result
The results of this study showed that eight weeks of periodic aerobic exercise resulted in a significant reduction in body weight variables from 78.16±4.80 to 77.67±4.50 (P=0.03), BMI from 28.43±2.05 kg/m2 to 28.26±2.13 kg/m2 (P=0.02), the percentage of body fat from 44.71±2.38% to 43.16±2.63% (P=0.006), and Endothelin-1 serum from 4.17±0.68 to 3.86±0.71 (P=0.001) in the group of aerobic periodic exercises. The serum nitric oxide increased from 3.34±0.29 to 3.76±0.41 (P=0.001). There was a significant difference between intra-group and inter-group means in both the groups with respect to variables such as body weight (P=0.02), BMI (P=0.01), body fat percentage (P=0.01), Endothelin-1 (P=0.003), and nitric oxide (P=0.001) (Table 1). 
4. Conclusion
These results indicate that eight weeks of periodic aerobic exercises are effective in improving cardiovascular health and reducing the risk of atherosclerosis by increasing nitric oxide and endothelin-1 reduction. Performing physical activity is one of the most effective factors in changing the process of functioning of the cardiovascular system. It is dependent on the severity, duration, type of exercise and physical fitness, type of nutrition, mental and psychological states, and hormonal factors. Based on the results obtained, it can be said that aerobic periodic exercises can improve the performance of the elderly's cardiovascular system. Therefore, it can be suggested that the elderly should enjoy the benefits of physical activity and exercises to strengthen the cardiovascular system by performing varied periodic aerobic exercises with less fatigue.
Acknowledgments
This research was extracted from the MSc. thesis of the first author in the Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Bojnourd, Iran.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declared no conflicts of interest.


References
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  14. Sternfeld B, Ainsworth BE, Quesenberry CP. Physical activity patterns in a diverse population of women. Preventive Medicine. 1999; 28(3):313–23. doi: 10.1006/pmed.1998.0470
  15. Bartlett JE, Kotrlik JW, Higgins CC. Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research appropriate sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal. 2001; 19(1):43-50.
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  22. Martins C, Morgan LM, Bloom SR, Robertson MD. Effects of exercise on gut peptides, energy intake and appetite. Journal of Endocrinology. 2007; 193(2):251–8. doi: 10.1677/joe-06-0030
  23. Horowitz JF. Fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue during exercise. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2003; 14(8):386–92. doi: 10.1016/s1043-2760(03)00143-7
  24. Ghahremani Moghaddam M, Hejazi K. [Effect of aerobic training on Endothelin-1 and Malondialdehyde in inactive elderly women (Persian)]. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2016; 18(3):52-57.
  25. Maeda S, Tanabe T, Miyauchi T, Otsuki T, Sugawara J, Iemitsu M, et al. Aerobic exercise training reduces plasma endothelin-1 concentration in  older women. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2003; 95(1):336–41. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01016.2002
  26. Muratli HH, Çelebi L, Hapa O, Biçimoğlu A. Comparison of plasma endothelin levels between osteoporotic, osteopenic and normal subjects. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2005; 6(1):49. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-6-49
  27. Donato A, Lesniewski L, Delp M. he effects of aging and exercise training on endothelin-1 vasoconstrictor responses in rat skeletal muscle arterioles. Cardiovascular Research. 2005; 66(2):393–401. doi: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.10.023
  28. Suen RS, Rampersad SN, Stewart DJ, Courtman DW. Differential roles of endothelin-1 in angiotensin II-induced atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysms in apolipoprotein E-null mice. The American Journal of Pathology. 2011; 179(3):1549–59. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.014
  29. Radovanovic D, Stankovic N, Ponorac N, Nurkic M, Bratic M. Oxidative stress in young judokas: effects of four week pre-competition training period. Archives of Budo. 2012; 8:147–51. doi: 10.12659/aob.883328
  30. Egginton S. Unorthodox angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. Cardiovascular Research. 2001; 49(3):634–46. doi: 10.1016/s0008-6363(00)00282-0
  31. Cunningham KS, Gotlieb AI. The role of shear stress in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Laboratory Investigation. 2004; 85(1):9–23. doi: 10.1038/labinvest.3700215
  32. Higashi Y, Yoshizumi M. Exercise and endothelial function: Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and oxidative stress in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2004; 102(1):87–96. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.02.003
  33. Harrison Dg, Widder J, Grumbach I, Chen W, Weber M, Searles C. Endothelial mechanotransduction, nitric oxide and vascular inflammation. Journal of Internal Medicine. 2006; 259(4):351–63. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01621.x
  34. Irani K. Oxidant signaling in vascular cell growth, death, and survival: A review of the roles of reactive oxygen species in smooth muscle and endothelial cell mitogenic and apoptotic signaling. Circulation Research. 2000; 87(3):179–83. doi: 10.1161/01.res.87.3.179
  35. Xu Q. Role of heat shock proteins in atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2002; 22(10):1547–59. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.0000029720.59649.50
Type of Study: Research | Subject: General
Received: 2017/10/05 | Accepted: 2018/01/30 | Published: 2018/04/01
References
1. Kim DY, Jung SY. Effect of aerobic exercise on risk factors of cardiovascular disease and the apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein a-1 ratio in obese woman. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2014; 26(11):1825–9. doi: 10.1589/jpts.26.1825 [DOI:10.1589/jpts.26.1825]
2. Puska P, Norrving B, Mendis S. Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
3. Mir E, Attarzadeh Hosseini SR, Hejazi K, Mir Sayeedi M. [Effect of eight weeks of endurance and resistance training on serum adiponectin and Insulin re-sistance index of inactive elderly men (Persian)]. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2016; 18(1):69-77.
4. Olivetti G, Giordano G, Corradi D, Melissari M, Lagrasta C, Gambert SR, et al. Gender differences and aging: Effects on the human heart. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1995; 26(4):1068–79. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00282-8 [DOI:10.1016/0735-1097(95)00282-8]
5. Miyauchi T, Masaki T. Pathophysiology of endothelin in the cardiovascular system. 1999; 61(1):391–415. doi: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.61.1.391 [DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.61.1.391]
6. Guang-da X, Yun-lin W. Regular aerobic exercise training improves endothelium-dependent arterial dilation in patients with impaired fasting glucose. Di-abetes Care. 2004; 27(3):801–2. doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.3.801 [DOI:10.2337/diacare.27.3.801]
7. Zhang W, Li XJ, Zeng X, Shen DY, Liu CQ, Zhang H-J, et al. Activation of nuclear factor-κB pathway is responsible for tumor necrosis factor-α-induced up-regulation of endothelin B2 receptor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Toxicology Letters. 2012; 209(2):107–12. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.12.005 [DOI:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.12.005]
8. Green DJ, Maiorana A, O'Driscoll G, Taylor R. Effect of exercise training on endothelium-derived nitric oxide function in humans. The Journal of Physiolo-gy. 2004; 561(1):1–25. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.068197 [DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.068197]
9. Franke WD, Anderson DF. Relationship between physical activity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease among law enforcement officers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1994; 36(10):1127–32. doi: 10.1097/00043764-199410000-00016 [DOI:10.1097/00043764-199410000-00016]
10. Jarrete AP, Novais IP, Nunes HA, Puga GM, Delbin MA, Zanesco A. Influence of aerobic exercise training on cardiovascular and endocrine-inflammatory biomarkers in hypertensive postmenopausal women. Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology. 2014; 1(3):108–14. doi: 10.1016/j.jcte.2014.07.004 [DOI:10.1016/j.jcte.2014.07.004]
11. Krause M, Rodrigues-Krause J, O'Hagan C, Medlow P, Davison G, Susta D, et al. The effects of aerobic exercise training at two different intensities in obe-sity and type 2 diabetes: implications for oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation and nitric oxide production. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2013; 114(2):251–60. doi: 10.1007/s00421-013-2769-6 [DOI:10.1007/s00421-013-2769-6]
12. Buttar HS, Li T, Ravi N. Prevention of cardiovascular diseases: Role of exercise, dietary interventions, obesity and smoking cessation. Experimental & Clin-ical Cardiology. 2005; 10(4):229-49. PMCID: PMC2716237 [PMID] [PMCID]
13. Kromhout D. Prevention of coronary heart disease by diet and lifestyle: evidence from prospective cross-cultural, cohort, and intervention studies. Circula-tion. 2002; 105(7):893–8. doi: 10.1161/hc0702.103728 [DOI:10.1161/hc0702.103728]
14. Sternfeld B, Ainsworth BE, Quesenberry CP. Physical activity patterns in a diverse population of women. Preventive Medicine. 1999; 28(3):313–23. doi: 10.1006/pmed.1998.0470 [DOI:10.1006/pmed.1998.0470]
15. Bartlett JE, Kotrlik JW, Higgins CC. Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research appropriate sample size in survey re-search. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal. 2001; 19(1):43-50.
16. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams & Wil-kins; 2013.
17. Irving BA, Davis CK, Brock DW, Weltman JY, Swift D, Barrett EJ, et al. Effect of exercise training intensity on abdominal visceral fat and body composi-tion. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2008; 40(11):1863–72. doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181801d40 [DOI:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181801d40]
18. Donnelly J, Smith B, Jacobsen D, Kirk E, Dubose K, Hyder M, et al. The role of exercise for weight loss and maintenance. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology. 2004; 18(6):1009–29. doi: 10.1016/s1521-6918(04)00083-6 [DOI:10.1016/S1521-6918(04)00083-6]
19. Slentz CA, Duscha BD, Johnson JL, Ketchum K, Aiken LB, Samsa GP, et al. Effects of the amount of exercise on body weight, body composition, and measures of central obesity. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2004; 164(1):31. doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.1.31 [DOI:10.1001/archinte.164.1.31]
20. Marra CC, Bottaro MM, Oliveira RJ, Novaes JS. Effect of moderate and high intensity aerobic exercise on body composition in over weight men. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2003; 35(Supplement 1):S308. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200305001-01705 [DOI:10.1097/00005768-200305001-01705]
21. De Glisezinski I, Moro C, Pillard F, Marion-Latard F, Harant I, Meste M, et al. Aerobic training improves exercise-induced lipolysis in SCAT and lipid utilization in overweight men. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003; 285(5):E984–E990. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00152.2003 [DOI:10.1152/ajpendo.00152.2003]
22. Martins C, Morgan LM, Bloom SR, Robertson MD. Effects of exercise on gut peptides, energy intake and appetite. Journal of Endocrinology. 2007; 193(2):251–8. doi: 10.1677/joe-06-0030 [DOI:10.1677/JOE-06-0030]
23. Horowitz JF. Fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue during exercise. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2003; 14(8):386–92. doi: 10.1016/s1043-2760(03)00143-7 [DOI:10.1016/S1043-2760(03)00143-7]
24. Ghahremani Moghaddam M, Hejazi K. [Effect of aerobic training on Endothelin-1 and Malondialdehyde in inactive elderly women (Persian)]. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2016; 18(3):52-57.
25. Maeda S, Tanabe T, Miyauchi T, Otsuki T, Sugawara J, Iemitsu M, et al. Aerobic exercise training reduces plasma endothelin-1 concentration in older women. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2003; 95(1):336–41. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01016.2002 [DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.01016.2002]
26. Muratli HH, Çelebi L, Hapa O, Biçimoğlu A. Comparison of plasma endothelin levels between osteoporotic, osteopenic and normal subjects. BMC Mus-culoskeletal Disorders. 2005; 6(1):49. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-6-49 [DOI:10.1186/1471-2474-6-49]
27. Donato A, Lesniewski L, Delp M. he effects of aging and exercise training on endothelin-1 vasoconstrictor responses in rat skeletal muscle arterioles. Cardi-ovascular Research. 2005; 66(2):393–401. doi: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.10.023 [DOI:10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.10.023]
28. Suen RS, Rampersad SN, Stewart DJ, Courtman DW. Differential roles of endothelin-1 in angiotensin II-induced atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysms in apolipoprotein E-null mice. The American Journal of Pathology. 2011; 179(3):1549–59. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.014 [DOI:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.014]
29. Radovanovic D, Stankovic N, Ponorac N, Nurkic M, Bratic M. Oxidative stress in young judokas: effects of four week pre-competition training period. Ar-chives of Budo. 2012; 8:147–51. doi: 10.12659/aob.883328 [DOI:10.12659/AOB.883328]
30. Egginton S. Unorthodox angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. Cardiovascular Research. 2001; 49(3):634–46. doi: 10.1016/s0008-6363(00)00282-0 [DOI:10.1016/S0008-6363(00)00282-0]
31. Cunningham KS, Gotlieb AI. The role of shear stress in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Laboratory Investigation. 2004; 85(1):9–23. doi: 10.1038/labinvest.3700215 [DOI:10.1038/labinvest.3700215]
32. Higashi Y, Yoshizumi M. Exercise and endothelial function: Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and oxidative stress in healthy subjects and hyperten-sive patients. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2004; 102(1):87–96. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.02.003 [DOI:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.02.003]
33. Harrison Dg, Widder J, Grumbach I, Chen W, Weber M, Searles C. Endothelial mechanotransduction, nitric oxide and vascular inflammation. Journal of In-ternal Medicine. 2006; 259(4):351–63. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01621.x [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01621.x]
34. Irani K. Oxidant signaling in vascular cell growth, death, and survival: A review of the roles of reactive oxygen species in smooth muscle and endothelial cell mitogenic and apoptotic signaling. Circulation Research. 2000; 87(3):179–83. doi: 10.1161/01.res.87.3.179 [DOI:10.1161/01.RES.87.3.179]
35. Xu Q. Role of heat shock proteins in atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2002; 22(10):1547–59. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.0000029720.59649.50 [DOI:10.1161/01.ATV.0000029720.59649.50]
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